Flow harmonics (vn) of the Fourier expansion for the azimuthal distributions of hadrons are commonly employed to quantify the azimuthal anisotropy of particle production relative to the collision ...symmetry planes. While lower order Fourier coefficients (v2 and v3) are more directly related to the corresponding eccentricities of the initial state, the higher-order flow harmonics (vn>3) can be induced by a mode-coupled response to the lower-order anisotropies, in addition to a linear response to the same-order anisotropies. These higher-order flow harmonics and their linear and mode-coupled contributions can be used to more precisely constrain the initial conditions and the transport properties of the medium in theoretical models. The multiparticle azimuthal cumulant method is used to measure the linear and mode-coupled contributions in the higher-order anisotropic flow, the mode-coupled response coefficients, and the correlations of the event plane angles for charged particles as functions of centrality and transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy sNN= 200 GeV. The results are compared to similar LHC measurements as well as to several viscous hydrodynamic calculations with varying initial conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Crystallisation effects on the slag phase assemblage/slag viscosity are reviewed.•Newtonian/non-Newtonian flow transitions in crystallising slags are discussed.•Discrepancy in Tcv definitions is ...demonstrated; Tcv physical meaning is discussed.•An alternative and more plausible definition of Tcv is suggested and illustrated.•The differences between the characteristic temperatures of slags are demonstrated.
The crystallisation in coal ash slags plays a critical role in coal combustion and gasification. The stable operation of a boiler or entrained-flow gasifier is vitally dependent on the easy, continuous removal of combustion by-products in the form of coal ash slags. Of the factors that govern the flow of a coal ash slag in a reactor, slag viscosity is the most important. Crystallisation affects overall slag behaviour and properties, but its most pronounced effect is on slag flow characteristics. It increases slag viscosity, causes Newtonian slag flow to transition to non-Newtonian, and yields the temperature of critical viscosity. In this paper, we systematically review and analyse the complex effect of crystallisation on these three factors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The transformation of normal cells into cancer cells is a complex process, often accompanied by changes in the cellular microenvironment. As two key parameters of the cellular microenvironment, ...viscosity and pH have the potential to serve as cancer markers. Therefore, their simultaneous detection is of great significance for a more accurate understanding of cancer occurrence, development, metastasis, and treatment. To achieve dual detection of viscosity and pH, various fluorescence molecules have been designed, which can be classified into the following categories based on their sensitive sites: amine, phenolic hydroxyl, spiro-oxazolidine, and spiropyran. In addition to systematically comparing the design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and biological applications of these probes, this paper also highlights their limitations and potential future avenues of exploration. This may facilitate the design of more powerful fluorescent probes for diagnosing related diseases.
•The first review about fluorescent probes that simultaneously detect pH and viscosity.•This review systematically comparing the design strategies, optical signals, sensing mechanisms and biological applications of the developed fluorescent probes.•This review contributes to the design of powerful fluorescent probes for simultaneous monitoring of multiple microenvironmental events.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A bifunctional fluorescent probe, A-1, was designed and synthesized for the recognition of Cys and viscosity. In the high-viscosity system, the intramolecular rotation of A-1 is restricted, which ...activates its near-infrared fluorescence. Simultaneously, the probe specifically detects Cys using acrylate as the recognition site. It possesses advantages such as high sensitivity, low detection limit, large Stokes shift (140 nm), high selectivity, and anti-interference properties. In addition, the probe A-1 can target mitochondria before recognition, and aggregate in lipid droplets after reacting with Cys. Based on the above excellent properties, it has been used to monitor changes in Cys and viscosity levels in living cells. And for the first time, it has revealed fluctuations in Cys and viscosity levels in the apoptosis model induced by Cisplatin. This provides a powerful tool for an in-depth study of related disease mechanisms.
•An AIE probe A-1 was obtained for detecting Cys and viscosity simultaneously.•A-1 responses to Cys with low detection limit, large Stokes shift (140 nm), and high selectivity.•Imaging of Cys and viscosity during apoptosis model induced by Cisplatin for the first time.•A-1 can target mitochondria before recognition, and aggregate in lipid droplets after reaction with Cys.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
For a variety of viscosity-related diseases, studying blood viscosity may be an ever so direct, simple, non-invasive as well as effective pre-diagnostic method. At present, the main cause for the ...insufficiently thorough studies on blood viscosity is the lack of tools that can not only self-calibrate but also shield the interference of bio-auto fluorescence from blood. Herein, we have judiciously designed and synthesized a new fluorescent probe Nile-TPE to tackle the above problem. This TBET structure based fluorescent probe possess numerous merits including near-infrared (NIR) emission, ratiometric response, lipid droplets positioning, wide emission peak spacing, etc. Besides the viscosity ratiometric imaging in vitro, probe Nile-TPE also realizes the ratiometric imaging viscosity in mice and detecting blood viscosity in peritonitis mice and folliculitis mice for the first time. And, importantly, this effective method requires only 10 μL of blood. Therefore, probe Nile-TPE furnishes a more accurate tool for non-invasive diagnosis of viscosity-related diseases.
Constructing a new NIR fluorescent probe for ratiometric imaging viscosity in the mice and detecting blood viscosity in the folliculitis mice and peritonitis mice Display omitted
•We have judiciously designed the first chemosensor for detecting blood viscosity of mice with viscosity-related diseases.•Probe Nile-TPE is a TBET based ratiometric fluorescent probe with near infrared emission.•Nile-TPE possess virtues including ratiometric response, good LDs targeting ability, wide emission peak spacing, etc.•Probe Nile-TPE enables the non-invasive measurement of blood viscosity while shielding the auto-fluorescence interference.•The blood viscosity of mice with folliculitis and peritonitis was 1.51 and 1.21-1.27 times higher than normal mice.
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The relation between the specific shear viscosity η/s and the dimensionless jet quenching parameter ... in perturbative QCD is explored at next-to-leading order in the coupling constant. It is shown ...that the relation changes little, although both transport coefficients independently are subject to large modifications at the next-to-leading order level. This finding confirms that the relationship is robust.(ProQuest: … denotes formula omitted.)
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
•Thermal conductivity and viscosity models of nanofluids were reviewed.•Metallic oxides nanofluids (Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and ZnO) were considered.•Various shapes of nanoparticles were selected.•Thermal ...conductivity increased as temperature and concentration increased.•Nanoparticles shape has sufficient impact on thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
For over ten years, investigators focused on determining and modelling the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. Lately, many theoretical and experimental investigations on convective heat transfer have been performed on the augmentation of heat transfer by utilizing suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particle materials (metallic or nonmetallic) in base fluids. The main purpose of this work is to determine the thermal conductivity and viscosity of various types of metallic oxides (Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and ZnO) for nanoparticle concentrations of 1–5 vol% at temperatures of 300–320 K and nanoparticle shapes (blades, platelets, cylindrical, bricks, and spherical). The results illustrate that the effective thermal conductivity and thermal conductivity ratio of metallic oxide nanofluids increase with temperature and nanoparticles volume fraction but decreases nanoparticle size intensifies. Besides that, the results of effective viscosity and viscosity ratio obtained indicate a considerable rise with the increase of nanoparticles concentration. Thus, optimum nanoparticle concentration is essential to be determined in forming nanofluids that can enhance thermal systems performance. Finally, it is found that nanoparticles shape has great impact on the thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The viscosity of crude oil is an important physical property that largely determines the fluidity of oil and its ability to seep through porous media such as geological rock. Predicting crude oil ...viscosity requires the development of reliable models that can reproduce viscosity over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Such viscosity models must operate with a set of physical characteristics that are sufficient to describe the viscosity of an extremely complex multi-phase and multi-component system such as crude oil. The present work considers empirical data on the temperature dependence of the viscosity of crude oil samples from various fields in Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Kuwait and the North Sea. For the first time, within the reduced temperature concept and using the universal scaling viscosity model, the viscosity of crude oil can be accurately determined over a wide temperature range: from low temperatures corresponding to the amorphous state to relatively high temperatures, at which all oil fractions appear as melts. A novel methodology for determining the glass transition temperature and the activation energy of viscous flow of crude oil is proposed. A relationship between the parameters of the universal scaling model for viscosity, the API gravity, the fragility index, the glass transition temperature and the activation energy of viscous has been established for the first time. It is shown that the accuracy of the results of the universal scaling model significantly exceeds the accuracy of known empirical equations, including those developed directly to describe the viscosity of petroleum products.
•API gravity correlates with the glass-forming ability characteristics of crude oil.•Crude oil viscosity is determined using the universal scaling viscosity model.•Glass transition temperature of crude oil is estimated from empirical viscosity–temperature data.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The dissipation of kinetic energy through viscosity provides one mechanism by which the solar atmosphere may be heated. Although isotropic, Newtonian viscosity is a common feature of many coronal ...simulations, the proper form of viscosity in a highly magnetised plasma is anisotropic and strongly coupled to the local magnetic field. This thesis investigates the differences between isotropic viscosity and a novel family of models of anisotropic viscosity, the switching model, when applied to simulations of the kink and fluting instabilities in a coronal loop, a slowly stressed magnetic null point, and the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the fan plane of a null point. This switching model provides a method of resolving previously unresolved regions of isotropic viscosity near null points by essentially removing the perpendicular and drift terms from the Braginskii model of anisotropic viscosity and modifying the coefficients of the remaining terms. A number of potential switching models are presented, with one showing particular promise for use in numerical modelling of the solar corona, that based on the coefficient of the parallel term in the Braginskii model. The choice of viscosity model strongly affects the stability and evolution of the studied instabilities, and the heating generated in their development. The use of anisotropic viscosity generally diminishes viscous heating, enhances Ohmic heating, produces small scales in flow and current structures, results in more energetic instabilities and an overall increase in reconnection rate.
The use of viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probes in biological imaging is becoming increasingly popular, and the first measurements in various different cell types, organelles and even live animals ...have recently been reported. Yet there remains gaps in the understanding of 'microviscosity' and the various viscosity-related fluorescence parameters used to measure it. In this thesis, I moved away from a generalised notion of cellular viscosity and towards measurement of highly localised viscosity environments in biological organelles. To do this, I employed time- and polarisation-resolved fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy, using the gold-standard of viscosity probes: boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based fluorescent molecular rotors (FMRs). The objective was to achieve a high degree of local viscosity domain separation. By combined use of chemical FMR-targeting and physical organelle extraction, I separated the two primary domains of mitochondria: matrix and membrane. This represented the first level of domain separation. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and two FMRs (mitoBODIPY and BODIPY-C12), I found that both viscosity environments are responsive to small physiological or environmental changes. The second level of domain separation was achieved through combined FMR-FLIM and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy imaging (TR-FAIM), using BODIPY-C12. The method was applied to lipid droplet organelles and artificial analogues. Two viscosity-related parameters, FMR lifetime and rotational correlation time, were determined in the same experiment; they were non-equivalent. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations from a collaborator found distinct orientations of the FMR within each system which connected to empirically determined fluorophore populations, resolving the two-component signal. Finally, I investigated a fundamental photophysical aspect of BODIPY FMRs, the transition dipole moment (TDM), which is crucial in the interpretation of TR-FAIM signals. Using the spectroscopic approach pioneered by Toptygin, I found a tilted emission TDM in the fundamental BODIPY FMR, phenyl-BODIPY. This was contextualised and explained by quantum chemical calculations carried out by a collaborator. Furthermore, I examined phenyl-BODIPY's seemingly viscosity-dependent r0, an anisotropy parameter indicative of the angle between the absorption and emission TDM. Similar behaviour was observed in non-FMR dyes. Through a combination of higher excited state experiments and quantum chemical simulations from a collaborator, I conclude the behaviour is due to a combination of torsional vibrations and ultra-fast librations.
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