Finding that institutions could be important centres of civic activity, self-edification, and 'scientific' study, Prisons, Asylums, and the Public sheds new light on popular nineteenth-century ...attitudes towards the insane and the criminal.
This paper surveys the nascent literature on the causes and consequences of official diplomatic visits that are undertaken by country's leaders, heads of states, chiefs of the executive, foreign ...ministers, and international notable figures and prominent personnel. The paper discusses the need for such a literature survey, the nature and sources of data used in the pertinent studies, and the determinants and factors behind official diplomatic visits. The paper also covers the political, economic, social, and cultural consequences of official visits. The paper concludes with some recommendations for future research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objectives:
I determined incremental increases in health care expenditures and utilization associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
Methods:
Patients with a reported diagnosis of CRS were ...extracted from the 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey medical conditions file and linked to the consolidated expenditures file. The patients with CRS were then compared to patients without CRS to determine differences in health care utilization (office visits, emergency facility visits, and prescriptions filled), as well as differences in health care expenditures (total health care costs, office visit costs, prescription medication costs, and self-expenditures) by use of demographically adjusted and comorbidity-adjusted multivariate models.
Results:
An estimated 11.1 ± 0.48 million adult patients reported having CRS in 2007 (4.9% ± 0.2% of the US population). The additional incremental health care utilizations associated with CRS relative to patients without CRS for office visits, emergency facility visits, and number of prescriptions filled were 3.45 ± 0.42, 0.09 ± 0.03, and 5.5 ± 0.8, respectively (all p ≥ 0.001). Similarly, additional health care expenditures associated with CRS for total health care expenses, office-based expenditures, prescription expenditures, and self-expenditures were $772 ± $300, $346 ± $130, $397 ± $88, and $90 ± $24, respectively (all p ≥ 0.01).
Conclusions:
Chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with a substantial incremental increase in health care utilization and expenditures due to increases in office-based and prescription expenditures. The national health care costs of CRS remain very high, at an estimated $8.6 billion per year.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
State Visits and Leader Survival Malis, Matt; Smith, Alastair
American journal of political science,
01/2021, Volume:
65, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Why do political leaders travel abroad? In this article, we propose an informational mechanism linking in-person diplomacy to leader survival. A foreign power visits an incumbent in order to reap a ...future policy concession; the visit is only worth the effort if the incumbent remains in power long enough to deliver on the deal. A diplomatic visit thus provides a visible and credible signal of the visitor's high confidence in the incumbent's stability in office. Domestic opponents, facing incomplete information as to the incumbent's strength, observe the signal and are deterred from mounting a challenge. Using data on U.S. diplomatic visits from 1960 to 2013, we find strong empirical support for our predictions: A visit with the U.S. president substantially reduces the risk of a leader's removal from office.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
6.
Getting Eyes in the Home Fong, Kelley
American sociological review,
08/2020, Volume:
85, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Each year, U.S. child protection authorities investigate millions of families, disproportionately poor families and families of color. These investigations involve multiple home visits to collect ...information across numerous personal domains. How does the state gain such widespread entrée into the intimate, domestic lives of marginalized families? Predominant theories of surveillance offer little insight into this process and its implications. Analyzing observations of child maltreatment investigations in Connecticut and interviews with professionals reporting maltreatment, state investigators, and investigated mothers, this article argues that coupling assistance with coercive authority—a hallmark of contemporary poverty governance—generates an expansive surveillance of U.S. families by attracting referrals from adjacent systems. Educational, medical, and other professionals invite investigations of families far beyond those ultimately deemed maltreating, with the hope that child protection authorities’ dual therapeutic and coercive capacities can rehabilitate families, especially marginalized families. Yet even when investigations close, this arrangement, in which service systems channel families to an entity with coercive power, fosters apprehension among families and thwarts their institutional engagement. These findings demonstrate how, in an era of welfare retrenchment, rehabilitative poverty governance renders marginalized populations hypervisible to the state in ways that may reinforce inequality and marginality.
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BFBNIB, INZLJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
To examine recent national trends in outpatient visits for sleep related difficulties in the United States and prescriptions for sleep medications.
Trend analysis.
Data from the National Ambulatory ...Medical Care Survey from 1999 to 2010.
Patients age 20 y or older.
The number of office visits with insomnia as the stated reason for visit increased from 4.9 million visits in 1999 to 5.5 million visits in 2010 (13% increase), whereas the number with any sleep disturbance ranged from 6,394,000 visits in 1999 to 8,237,000 visits in 2010 (29% increase). The number of office visits for which a diagnosis of sleep apnea was recorded increased from 1.1 million visits in 1999 to 5.8 million visits in 2010 (442% increase), whereas the number of office visits for which any sleep related diagnosis was recorded ranged from 3.3 million visits in 1999 to 12.1 million visits in 2010 (266% increase). The number of prescriptions for any sleep medication ranged from 5.3 in 1999 to 20.8 million in 2010 (293% increase). Strong increases in the percentage of office visits resulting in a prescription for nonbenzodiazepine sleep medications (∼350%), benzodiazepine receptor agonists (∼430%), and any sleep medication (∼200%) were noted.
Striking increases in the number and percentage of office visits for sleep related problems and in the number and percentage of office visits accompanied by a prescription for a sleep medication occurred from 1999-2010.
Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Cunningham TJ, Giles WH, Chapman DP, Croft JB. Trends in outpatient visits for insomnia, sleep apnea, and prescriptions for sleep medications among US adults: findings from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 1999-2010.
Green innovation is a critical path for enterprises to improve their sustainable development level. As an important external force of corporate governance, institutional investors may play a role in ...promoting green innovation. This study analyzes the direct effect of institutional investors on green innovation and the moderating effect of firm size, and empirically verifies it with the data from 957 Chinese manufacturing enterprises from 2012 to 2019. We find that institutional investors' site visits are positively correlated with the level of green innovation, and that firm size positively moderates this relationship. Further, this study finds that site visits by pressure-sensitive institutional investors will only induce enterprises to cater to investors and carry out strategic green innovation, while pressure-resistant institutional investors will promote enterprises to carry out substantial green innovation. In additional analysis results, we find that the promotion effect of site visit on green innovation is more significant in enterprises with dual CEO positions and in low-competitive market environment.
•Institutional investors' site visits accelerate corporate green innovation.•Site visits by different types of institutional investors have different impacts on green innovation.•Firm size plays a moderating role between site visits and green innovation.•The promotion of site visits on green innovation is better when firms with CEO duality or low-competitive market environment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In any treated hypertensive patient office blood pressure (BP) values may differ between visits and this variability (V) has an adverse prognostic impact. However, little information is available on ...visit-to-visit 24-h BPV.
In 1114 hypertensives of the ELSA and PHYLLIS trials we compared visit-to-visit office and 24-h mean BPV by coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP obtained from yearly measurements during a 3-4 year treatment period. Visit-to-visit BPV during daytime and night-time were also compared.
Twenty-four-hour SBP-CV was about 20% less than office SBP-CV ( P < 0.0001). SBP-CV was considerably greater for the night-time than for the daytime period (20%, P < 0.0001). Results were similar for DBP and in males and females, older and younger patients, patients under different antihypertensive drugs or with different baseline or achieved BP values. In the group as a whole and in subgroups there was significant correlations between office and 24-h BP-CV but the correlation coefficients was weak, indicating that office SBP or DBP CV accounted for only about 1-4% of 24-h SBP or DBP-CV values.
Twenty-four-hour mean BP across visits is more stable than across visit office BP. Visit-to-visit office and 24-h BPV are significantly related to each other, but correlation coefficients are low, making visit-to-visit office BP variations poorly predictive of the concomitant 24-h BP variations and thus of on-treatment ambulatory BP stability.
Background: In Wuhan, China, a stringent lockdown was implemented to contain the spread of COVID-19, transitioning later to normalised prevention and control strategy. This study examines the trends ...in hospital visits for acute and chronic respiratory diseases, with a focus on outpatient, inpatient, and severe condition visits. Methods: The study used administrative health insurance data spanning from January 2018 to August 2021, an interrupted time series analysis was conducted to assess the trend in hospital visits per million population for respiratory diseases. To confirm whether the change was exclusive to respiratory diseases, neoplasms and intracerebral haemorrhage were used as controls. The impact of the pandemic was estimated by comparing by weekly admissions to pre-pandemic levels. Subgroup analyses dissected variations by disease and visit types. Results: Hospital visits for respiratory diseases declined significantly during the lockdown and exhibited a slower recovery in the later normalised prevention and control period compared to the control conditions. As of August 2021, outpatient visits increased by over 22.2% above the pre-pandemic level, while inpatient and severe condition visits witnessed significant reductions, falling to 46.7% and 80.6% of pre-pandemic levels, respectively. Compared to three other subgroups, visits for acute lower respiratory infections experienced the most significant decline, with inpatient and severe visits dropping to 23.9% and 25.7% of pre-pandemic levels. Interpretation: Our study revealed a persistent reduction in inpatient and severe case visits for respiratory diseases throughout the ongoing pandemic. These findings suggested the possible role of non-pharmaceutical interventions in mitigating acute and chronic non-COVID respiratory diseases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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