Zavarovana območja nudijo obiskovalcem naravne in druge kakovosti, hkrati pa turizem in rekreacija ta območja vse bolj sooblikujeta. Na primeru Triglavskega narodnega parka, natančneje Zgornjesavske ...doline, smo poskušali ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri sta skladni varstvena in turistična funkcija zavarovanih območij. Pri tem smo se osredotočili na mnenja, poglede in stališča obiskovalcev. Zanimalo nas je, ali so razlogi, zaradi katerih prihajajo turisti, in njihove želje oz. predlogi v zvezi z nadaljnjim razvojem turizma v TNP v skladu z varstveno funkcijo našega edinega narodnega parka.
Prepoznavanje območij varovanja in njihovih vrednot ter ustrezna opredelitev njihove vrednosti lahko pomembno prispevajo k trajnostnemu regionalnemu razvoju. Območja varovanja z razvojnega vidika ...združujejo okoljske, kulturne, socialne in človeške potenciale, ki imajo v skladu z načinom varovanja določeno neposredno oziroma posredno uporabno vrednost in tudi vrednost neuporabe. Ta območja je potrebno razumeti ne le kot območja varovanja ampak kot območja velikih, v Sloveniji pretežno neprepoznanih in razvojno slabo aktiviranih potencialov.
V članku je opisana raziskava o obravnavi lastnine velikih lastnikov v projektu obveščanja. Oblikovan je bil vzorec sedmih lastnikov, ki jih lahko opredelimo kot reprezentativne predstavnike glede na ...lastnosti nepremičnin v njihovi lasti in »vrsto« lastništva. Na vzorcu teh sedmih lastnikov so bila obravnavana razmerja med njihovimi internimi evidencami in podatki registra nepremičnin ter opredeljene težave, s katerimi so se srečevali med obveščanjem o poskusnem izračunu vrednosti nepremičnin. V vzorec je bilo uvrščenih 26.792 sestavin nepremičnin, kar pomeni 0,4 % vseh sestavin nepremičnin v registru nepremičnin. Neskladja so bila uvrščena v štiri sklope, podane so značilnosti teh sklopov. V članku je predstavljena tudi vključitev zasebnega sektorja v projekt obveščanja. Rezultati analiz kažejo, da je vzrok za večino zaznanih neskladij odnos do lastnine, in sicer odnos do lastnine vsakega posameznika in naše družbe kot celote ; This article describes an examination of the property of large real estate owners in the Information of Test Property Value Calculation project. A pattern of seven owners has been made, which can be considered representatives of property, considering the characteristics of their property and the type of ownership. Based on this pattern, the relationships between their internal records and the real estate registry database have been analysed, and problems that occurred during the informing of the test property value calculation have also been noted. The pattern consisted of 26,792 constituent parts of real estate, which represents 0.4% of all the real estate parts noted in the real estate registry. Discrepancies have been divided into four sets, and characteristics of these sets have also been given. The article also presents the inclusion of the private sector in to the information process. Analysis results show that the cause of most of the detected discrepancies is the lack of responsibility of owners towards their property.
V prispevku je obravnavana umestitev lastninske pravice v prostor, ki je mogoča samo na podlagi podatkov zemljiškega katastra, pravzaprav njegovega grafičnega dela – zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza. ...Podana je definicija stopnje zaupanja v lociranje pravic na nepremičninah na podlagi zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza in način njenega določevanja. V prispevku je opredeljen tudi lastninski koncept v Republiki Sloveniji, katerega poznavanje je pomembno pri umeščanju lastninske pravice v prostor. Navedena so tudi neskladja, ki so bila zaznana v okviru projekta obveščanje o poskusnem izračunu nepremičnin zaradi »nepravilnega« umeščanja pravic v prostor. Predvsem smo se osredotočili na povezavo med parcelo in stavbo ter v ta namen preučili vzorec1784 stavb, ki so enakomerno porazdeljene po ozemlju Slovenije ; This article considers the placement of ownership rights into space, possible only with the help of the land cadastre graphical representation. A definition of trust for locating property rights on the land cadastre graphic presentation is given as well as a way of determining it. The ownership concept of the Republic of Slovenia is also defined, the knowledge of which is relevant to ownership rights placement. Discrepancies found in the Information of Test Property Value Calculation formed because of a false placement of rights are also stated. We especially focused on the link between a parcel and building and studied a pattern of 1,784 buildings that were equally distributed throughout Slovenia
Strategic spatial planning can be defined as a quite diverse planning activity. According to A. Faludi and W. Salet (2000) three approaches can be distinguished today: (1) institutional approach, (2) ...communicative or ‘discoursive’ approach, and (3) interactive approachto planning. In Slovenia, formalised beginnings can be observed in the 60ties of the previous century. The context of strategic spatial planning has changed substantially with the introduction of explicitconservation requirements. Spatial plans have lost their strategic nature provided by legislation. The reason for the change was the concept of intrinsic values that has been introduced by certain planning actors. Such a concept abolishes the feasibility of a societal discourse and obviousness of reconciliation in order to draw out a strategic spatial plan. Many attempts done in Slovenia since the 70ties in order to use strategic planning in practice have failed.
Cadmium is one of the most potent pollutants which enters the environment through natural and/or anthropological sources and into the living organisms though the food chain thus realizing its toxic ...effect in all levels of biological organization. This work examines cadmium effects at 10 (C1), 30 (C2) and 50 μg Cd/g (C3) concentrations of dry food on the fitness-related traits, broad-sense heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations, phenotypic plasticity, cost of plasticity and on direction of selection force. Also, this work examines the effects of 50 μg Cd/g of dry food on antioxidative defense system in gypsy moth during larval development, pupal development and the adult period. Lymantria dispar L. gypsy moth is a polyphagous, invasive species which, due to its detrimental influence on forest ecosystems, is considered an organism of particular interest for researches of physiological and evolutionary-genetic responses which can influence population dynamics of this species. Cadmium prolongs the development duration in early larval instars, it also reduces larval mass in both genders and larval development and life expectancy in adult females. Duration of certain larval instars is significantly different between genders, especially in C3 group. Most of the examined traits showed a significant level of broad-sense heritability. Thus, the presence of cadmium in C3 group significantly increases the heritability of the fourth instar duration and the heritability of development duration of male larvae from hutching until the 5th instar in comparison with control and female larvae, respectively. Significant variability of phenotypic plasticity is present in all of the early instars regardless of the group, as well as in both genders for certain traits depending on different environments which points to the potential of the evolution of adaptive plastic response in stressful environments. An index of phenotypic plasticity according to Cheplik and Li’s method shows significant values for most of the traits pointing to to the possible direction of the families’ response for certain traits in the presence of cadmium. Significantly higher values of heritability for plasticity compared to heritability of the traits indicate that in heterogeneous environment, which is common for polyphagous insects, evolution of generalist strategy is expected. Selection analysis has proved that population has significant potential for plastic response to stressful environment. When it comes to C3 group, the selection favours male individuals characterized by shorter larval development, while the female individuals which have longer larval and pupal development are favoured in control group, C1 and C2 group. Larger females have selective advantage in stressful environments, while large male individuals have the advantage in optimal conditions. Most of the phenotypic and genetic correlations among the analyzed traits were positive ones, whereas the number of correlated traits tends to decrease along with the increase of Cadmium in diets. Most of the genetic correlations between traits within different environments were also significant and positive, which is characteristic of generalists. The ativities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbat peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, total glutathione amount and the amount of free SH groups during gypsy moth development showed variability in the activity and the amount depending on the instar pointing to the existence of the oxidative stress incurred by the presence of cadmium.
Kadmijum je jedan od najpotentnijih polutanata koji dospeva u životnu sredinu, iz prirodnih i/ili antropogenih izvora, i ulazi u žive sisteme preko lanaca ishrane, ostvarujući svoj toksični efekat na svim nivoima biološke organizacije. U ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj kadmijuma u koncentracijama od 10 (C1), 30 (C2) i 50 μg Cd/g (C3) suve hrane na komponente adaptivne vrednosti, heritabilnost u širem smislu, genetičke i fenotipske korelacije, fenotipsku plastičnost, cenu plastičnosti, i na obim i pravce delovanja selekcije, kao i uticaj 50 μg Cd/g suve hrane na sistem antioksidativne zaštite kod gubara tokom larvenog razvića, razvića lutke i adultnog perioda. Gubar, Lymantria dispar L., je polifagna, invazivna vrsta koja zbog svog štetnog delovanja na šumske ekosisteme spada u grupu organizama od posebnog interesa za istraživanja fizioloških i evolucionogenetičkih odgovora koji utiču na promenu brojnosti populacije ove vrste. Kadmijum dovodi do produžetka razvića kod mlađih larvenih stupnjeva, do smanjenja mase lutke kod oba pola i skraćivanja razvića lutke i života adultnih ženki. Polovi se značajno razlikuju u trajanju pojedinih faza larvenog razvića, naročito u C3 grupi. Za većinu ispitivanih osobina postoji značajan nivo heritabilnosti u širem smislu. Pri tome, prisustvo kadmijuma u C3 grupi dovodi do značajnog povećanja heritabilnosti trajanja razvića larvi četvrtog stupnja i kod mužjaka za trajanje larvenog razvića do 5. stupnja u odnosu na kontrolu i u odnosu na ženke. Značajna varijabilnost fenotipske plastičnosti postoji kod svih mlađih larvenih stupnjeva u svim grupama, i kod oba pola za pojedine osobine u okviru različitih sredina ukazujući na potencijal evolucije adaptivnog plastičnog odgovora u stresnim uslovima sredine. Indeksi fenotipske plastičnosti po Čeplikovoj i Lijovoj metodi pokazuju značajne vrednosti kod većine osobina, što upućuje na moguć pravac odgovora familija za određene osobine na prisustvo kadmijuma. Tokom razvića uočene su i značajno veće vrednosti heritabilnosti plastičnosti u odnosu na heritabilnost svojstva za pojedine osobine što ukazuje da je u heterogenoj sredini, koja je karakteristična za polifagne insekte, verovatnija evolucija generalista. Selekciona analiza je pokazala da postoji značajan potencijal populacija da odgovore plastično na stresne uslove životne sredine. Selekcija favorizuje u C3 grupi mužjake koji imaju kraće larveno razviće, a u kontrolnoj, C1 i C2 grupi ženke koje imaju duže razviće larve i lutke. Krupnije ženke su u selektivnoj prednosti u stresnoj sredini, a mužjaci u optimalnim uslovima. Većina fenotipskih i genetičkih korelacija između ispitivanih osobina je bila pozitivna, pri čemu se broj korelisanih osobina smanjivao sa povećanjem koncentracije kadmijuma u ishrani. Većina genetičkih korelacija za određene osobine u okviru različitih sredina je bila takođe značajna i pozitivna, što je karakteristično za generaliste. Aktivnost superoksid dismutaze, katalaze, askorbat peroksidaze, glutation S transferaze, glutation reduktaze i količina ukupnog glutationa i slobodnih SH grupa tokom razvića gubara su pokazale varijabilnost u aktivnosti i količini zavisno od stupnja razvića, ukazujući na postojanje oksidativnog stresa nastalog prisustvom kadmijuma.
Interest in studying values within social sciences, particularly in a domain
of psychology, has a great theoretic and practical significance. One of the
reasons is their relative stability that ...enables better predictions of future
human behaviour and social tendencies than after using other dispositions and
personality features. Socio-political and economic reform in our society,
including the defense reform leave without any doubt trace on the value
system; therefore values studying is an ongoing social and cognitive problem
that requires a scientific answer. Accordingly, the problem of our research
focuses on three main issues: 1. What is the existing value structure and
what values the Serbian Armed Forces members’attach the greatest importance
to under the conditions of the ongoing defense reform and state transition;
2. Are and to what extent are connected the personality features of the
Serbian Armed Forces members and their socio-demographic features with the
current value system within the Armed Forces; 3. Have and in what way have
some changes of the Armed Forces members’ value system emerged under the
influence of the ongoing social, political, security and other circumstances
and society transitions compared to the pre-reform period. This research is a
field explorative study based upon the cross-sectional model. Within data
analysis, in addition to correlational and multivariant analysis in
determination of factorial values structure and their connections with the
personality features, a qualitative descriptional and statistic comparative
analysis aimed at monitoring values changes in a certain period of time
related to a pre-transitional and transitional period in society as well as
the defense reform is also applied. The research is conducted in a suitable
sample that comprises some 10% of the Serbian Armed Forces members, i.e. 893
members. A set of independent variables has been related to certain
personality features (authoritarity, conservatism, conformism, extraversion
and introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and self-concept dimensions) as
well as to socio-demographic features (gender, age, place of growing up,
geographic and social origin, education, service years and status in the
Armed Forces), while a set of dependent variables has been related to a value
system (31 singular values). The following instruments are used in research
of independent variables: the Eysench Questionnaire A, C, BESK and EPQ
Personality Test and a test for studying Self - Concept dimensions
(Genself-40), whereas a specially designed questionnaire is used for research
of socio-demographic characterists. A list of 31 values that have been
applied in earlier value system researches in the military environment is
used for research of dependent variables, i.e. the value system. The research
has showed that when it comes to preferences of tested values manifestations,
social values dominate: family, justice, honor, self-respect, security of the
country, education, human rights, responsibility, happiness and economic
progress of the country. A structure of tested values manifestations (31
values) can be explained through few latent values (factors): 1 –
Rational-humanist value orientation, 2 – Freedom loving spirit and
patriotism, 3 – Success and family safety, 4 – Religiousness and
traditionalism, 5 – Cultural hedonism vs family attachments. The analysis of
the connections between socio-demographic features and value preferences both
on the level of latent factors and manifested values has showed that there
are significant differences between different groups of the tested. In that
regard, the greatest contribution to the differences in values assessment is
made in terms of age, status and service years. Personality features are
mostly related to their value orientations. The greatest connections are
registered in the first cononic factor defined by a set of personality
features that is labeled as an authoritarian set that is positively connected
to religiousness and traditionalism. Religiousness and traditionalism are the
values that have in the research showed to be more important than in the
previous period so that one can claim that it is a kind of
retraditionalization, especially with younger members of the Armed Forces.
General values, such as humanism and patriotism, remain stable values in
time, that indicates that these are terminal values in a sense mentioned by
Rokeach. These values are highly ranked and accepted by most of the tested in
our research that indicates to a positive humanistic and patriotic value
profile of the Armed Forces members.
Interesovanje za proučavanje vrednosti u društvenim naukama, a posebno u
oblasti psihologije, ima veliki teorijski i praktični značaj. Jedan od
razloga jeste njihova relativna stabilnost, koja omogućava da se buduće
ponašanje ljudi i društvena kretanja predviđaju, čak uspešnije nego na osnovu
poznavanja nekih drugih dispozicija i karakteristika ličnosti.
Društveno-politička i ekonomska reforma kroz koju prolazi naše društvo,
uključujući i reforme kroz koje je prošla Vojska, nesumnjivo ostavljajaju
traga na vrednosnom sistemu, tako da izučavanje vrednosti čini aktuelan
društveni i saznajni problem koji zahteva naučni odgovor. Polazeći od toga,
problem našeg istraživanja fokusira se na tri pitanja: 1. Kakva je postojeća
struktura vrednosti, i kojim vrednostima pripadnici Vojske Srbije pridaju
najveći značaj, u uslovima aktuelne reforme Vojske i tranzicije države; 2. Da
li su, i u kom stepenu, povezane osobine ličnosti pripadnika Vojske Srbije,
kao i njihove sociodemografske karakteristike, sa aktuelnim sistemom
vrednosti u Vojsci; 3. Da li je, i u kom pravcu, došlo do promene sistema
vrednosti pripadnika Vojske Srbije, pod uticajem aktuelnih socijalnih,
političkih, bezbednosnih i drugih okolnosti i promena u društvu, u odnosu na
period neposredno pre započinjanja procesa reformi. Ovo istraživanje ima
karakter terenske eksplorativne studije, zasnovane na modelu preseka
(crosssectional model). U okviru analize podataka, pored korelacione i
multivarijantne analize za utvrđivanje faktorske strukture vrednosti i
njihove povezanosti sa osobinama ličnosti, uključena je i
kvalitativnodeskriptivna i statističko-komparativna analiza, sa ciljem
praćenja promena vrednosti tokom određenog perioda vremena, vezanog za
pretranzicioni i tranzicioni period u reformi našeg društva i vojske.
Istraživanje je obavljeno na prigodnom uzorku ispitanika koji je obuhvatao
oko 10% populacije iz Vojske Srbije, što ukupno iznosi 893. Skup nezavisnih
varijabli se odnosio na određene osobine ličnosti (autoritarnost,
konzervativizam, konformizam, ekstraverzija-introverzija, neuroticizam,
psihoticizam i dimenzije self-koncepta), kao i na socio-demografske
karakteristike (pol, godine starosti, mesto odrastanja, geografsko i
socijalno poreklo ispitanika, obrazovanje, dužina staža, status u Vojsci),
dok se skup zavisnih varijabli odnosio na sistem vrednosti (31 pojedinačna
vrednost). Za ispitivanje nezavisnih varijabli korišćeni su sledeći
instrumenti: Ajzenkovi upitnici A, C, BESK i EPQ test ličnosti, kao i test za
ispitivanje dimenzija self- koncepta (Genself-40), dok je za ispitivanje
sociodemografskih karakteristika korišćen posebno konstruisan upitnik. Za
ispitivanje zavisnih varijabli, tj, sistema vrednosti, korišćena je lista od
31 vrednosti, koja je primenjivana u ranijim istraživanjima sistema vrednosti
u vojnoj sredini. Istraživanje je pokazalo, kad je reč o preferencijama
realno ispitivanih manifestnih vrednosti, da dominiraju socijalne vrednosti:
porodica, pravda, čast, samopoštoavanje, bezbednost zemlje, obrazovanje,
ljudska prava, odgovornost, sreća i ekonomski napredak države. Struktura
ispitivanih manifestnih vrednosti (31 vrednost) može se objasniti pomoću
manjeg broja latentnih vrednosti (faktora): 1 – Racionalno-humanistička
vrednosna orijentacija, 2 – Slobodarski duh i patriotizam, 3 – Uspeh i
porodična sigurnost, 4 – Religioznost i tradicionalizam, 5 – Kulturni
hedonizam naspram porodične vezanosti. Analiza povezanosti socio-demografskih
karakteristika sa preferencijom vrednosti, kako na nivou latentnih faktora,
tako i na nivou manifestnih vrednosti, pokazala je da postoje značajne
razlike među različitim grupama ispitanika. U tom pogledu najveći doprinos
razlikama u proceni vrednosti daju godine starosti, zatim status u vojsci i
godine radnog staža. Osobine ličnosti ispitanika značajno su povezane sa
njihovim vrednosnim orijentacijama. Najveću povezanost ima prvi kanonički
faktor, definisan sa jedne strane sklopom osobina ličnosti koji smo označili
kao autoritarni sklop, koji je pozitivno povezan sa religioznošću i
tradicionalizmom. Religioznost i tradicionalizam su vrednosti koje su se u
našem istraživanju pokazale kao značajnije nego u ranijem periodu, tako da se
može govoriti o nekoj vrsti retradicionalizacije, naročito kod mlađih
pripadnika Vojske. Opšte vrednosti, kao što su humanizam i patriotizam,
ostaju i dalje stabilne vrednosti kroz vreme, što ukazuje da se može govoriti
o nekim terminalnim vrednostima u Rokičevom smislu. Ove vrednosti su visoko
rangovane i prihvaćene od strane većine ispitanika u našem istraživanju, što
ukazuje na pozitivan humanističko-patriotski vrednosni profil pripadnika naše
Vojske.
This dissertation treats potential directions for the theoretical foundation of the security culture concept on the basis of analysis of various theoretical approaches towards its constitutive ...elements – culture and security. Firstly, after presenting multifarious theoretical frameworks within the anthropological dimension of the culture concept, the humanological theoretical perspective of culture development is singled out – from the original comprehension of culture as a precondition of survival to the contemporary one, that conceives it as an assumption of development and welfare. Following that way, the security interest has also developed, as one among the essential interests which move the contemporary man. The analysis of the culture concept have helped us to elucidate symbolical meanings and positive values, implicit and explicit ones, in a certain way of life in some culture. The analysis comprises, too, the recognition of elements of the way of life (that in fact, for supporters of other determinations, do not fall into the domain of culture); the organization of state institutions; the structure of institutions which express or dominate social relations; typical forms through which members of society communicate among themselves; the traces of creative human activity in institutions and modes of behaviour. It is also important to present the elements that shape (national) culture, such as symbols, customs, rites and values, as well as elements which signify the field within which national culture may be examined in order to define more closely founded processes that generate it, but also the categories which disturb its order, and which reflect themselves in change, tradition and identity. Thereafter, it follows a review of national culture as a national and public interest, which manifests itself in the way which articulate values, the perception of welfare and the perception of development and endangerment. On the other hand, besides stressing the importance of interdisciplinary investigation, the humanological and culturological model for conceptualization of security is especially discussed, which supplied the initial basis for the elaboration of potentials of its transformed use within the security culture concept, having in mind the protection and preservation of welfare of individual, society and state. Thus, the second segment encompasses defining of theoretical support for the security concept, which has thereafter identified and articulated itself in the structural connection of national culture and national security. In this thesis, various theoretical approaches toward security are analyzed and presented, which have certain repercussions on the conception of this notion through the concepts of security, certainty and the preservation of existence. The analysis of the security concept is performed in the context of possibility of its development, firstly, as a separate human need, and then as an interest in the context of cultural needs, applying the culturological approach, shaped by the category of national security. This segment has showed, too, articulation of culture in security concepts, as well as on the levels of reflection which are manifested through personality, society, community or entity; and it has depicted culture as the national security interest. Analyzing especially the concept of identity and its relationships towards culture and security, we have tried to point to the fact that changes which emerge in social relations during the process of constituting identity and developing from the one form to another – define and strenghten social capacities for establishing the elements of national culture which will be transformed into security culture. Finally, the third segment of the dissertation analyzes theoretical departures in which possible similarities are found, but also disagreements with the concept of security culture, which develops intensively in recent times. In this part, the genesis and development of the concept and term of security culture are described, as well as shifts that have reflected in its conceptual evolution. It have aided us to establish the content and essence of the security culture concept, its features that have synthetical, transpositional and developmental attributes. Furthermore, security culture is presented as a factor of development of national security, including two substantive processes: the first one, as the transfer of national culture into security culture, and, secondly, as the transfer of national security into security culture. We have also interpreted security culture in the light of regional, international and global processes worldwide, as well as through possibility to develop itself institutionally in the relation with social integrations, state and in the framework of international relations. The concept of security culture is analyzed primarily within the anthropologicalhumanological approach towards comprehension of the culture concept, within the manner in which the identity phenomenon have articulated itself from the realm of culture into the domain of security, then the way the security interest is constituted and the relation between national culture and national security is established. The methodology and models for examination of security culture can be represented on the basis of various approaches, and we single out the following: the organizational culture, the approach from the perspective of subculture, the approach from the viewpoint of social capital and humanological approach. In order for the concept to “live”, it is important to focus on its development, as well as on its practical implementation, so we have distinguished the factors which enable it, while we consider among the most significant ones: education, obligation, control and the application of standards. Within the concluding chapter, the results of investigation are systematized and synthesized into an assessment on the nature of theoretical foundations of security culture. The scientific and wider social significance of theoretical vantage points of security culture is discussed, too.
U radu se razmatraju mogući pravci teorijskog zasnivanja koncepta bezbednosne kulture na osnovu analize različitih teorijskih pristupa njegovim konstitutivnim elementima – kulture i bezbednosti. Kao prvo, nakon predstavljanja različitih teorijskih okvira unutar antropološke dimenzije koncepta kulture, izdvojena je humanološka teorijska perspektiva razvoja kulture – od prvobitnog razumevanja kulture kao uslova opstanka, do savremenog, koji je vidi kao uslov razvoja i dobrobiti. Na tom putu se razvijao i interes bezbednosti, kao jedan od suštinskih interesa koji pokreće savremenog čoveka. Analiza pojma kulture pomogla nam je da se razjasne simbolička značenja i pozitivne vrednosti, implicitne i eksplicitne, u određenom načinu života u izvesnoj kulturi. Analiza obuhvata i saglédanje elemenata načina života (koji za pristalice drugačijih određenja zapravo i ne spadaju u oblast kulture); organizaciju državnih institucija; strukturu institucija koje izražavaju ili vladaju društvenim odnosima; karakteristične forme kojima pripadnici društva komuniciraju; tragove kreativne ljudske delatnosti u institucijama i oblicima ponašanja. Takođe je važno da se predstave elementi koji uobličavaju (nacionalnu) kulturu, kao što su simboli, običaji, rituali i vrednosti, ali i elementi koji obeležavaju polje u okviru kojeg se može razmatrati nacionalna kultura da bi se bliže odredili ne samo utemeljeni procesi koji je stvaraju, već i kategorije koje remete njen poredak, a ogledaju se u promeni, tradiciji i identitetu. Zatim sledi predstavljanje nacionalne kulture kao nacionalnog i javnog interesa, što se ispoljava na način koji artikuliše vrednosti, percepciju dobrobiti i percepciju razvoja i ugroženosti. S druge strane, pored naglašavanja značaja interdisciplinarnog proučavanja, posebno je razmatran humanološki i kulturološki model konceptualizacije bezbednosti koji je dao polaznu osnovu za razradu mogućnosti njegove izmenjene upotrebe u okviru koncepta bezbednosne kulture s ciljem zaštite i održavanja dobrobiti pojedinca, društva i države. Stoga drugi segment obuhvata definisanje teorijskog uporišta pojma bezbednosti, koji se zatim identifikovao i artikulisao u strukturalnoj vezi nacionalne kulture i nacionalne bezbednosti. U radu su analizirani i predstavljeni različiti teorijski pristupi bezbednosti, koji imaju određene refleksije na razumevanje ovog pojma kroz pojmove sigurnosti, izvesnosti i očuvanja egzistencije. Analiza pojma bezbednosti odvijala se u kontekstu mogućnosti da se on razvije, prvo, kao posebna ljudska potreba, a zatim kao interes u kontekstu kulturnih potreba, primenjujući kulturološki pristup, uobličen kategorijom nacionalne bezbednosti. Ovaj segment je prikazao i artikulaciju kulture u konceptima bezbednosti, te na nivoima refleksije koji se ogledaju kroz prizmu ličnosti, društva, zajednice ili entiteta; i oslikao kulturu kao nacionalni bezbednosni interes. Analizirajući posebno koncept identiteta i njegove relacije prema kulturi i bezbednosti, pokušali smo da ukažemo na činjenicu da promene do kojih dolazi u društvenim odnosima tokom konstituisanja identiteta i prerastanja iz jednog oblika u drugi – definišu i osnažuju socijalne kapacitete za utvrđivanje elemenata nacionalne kulture koji će se transformisati u bezbednosnu kulturu. Konačno, treći segment rada analizira teorijska ishodišta u kojima se pronalaze moguće sličnosti, ali i razmimoilaženja sa konceptom bezbednosne kulture, koji se u novije vreme intenzivno razvija. U ovom delu prikazani su konstituisanje i razvoj pojma i termina bezbednosna kultura, kao i promene koje su se odslikale u njegovom konceptualnom razvoju. To nam je pomoglo da se utvrdi sadržaj i suština koncepta bezbednosne kulture, njegova obeležja koja imaju sintetička, transferna i razvojna svojstva. Dalje je predstavljena bezbednosna
The subject of the doctoral dissertation named The Question of Legal Personality, written by Slobodan R. Martinovich, LLM, is the phenomenon of legal personality taken in all its complexity. This ...means that the dissertation offers the answers to all important issues related to the legal personality, and not from the standpoint of either specific legal system, but rather from the standpoint of the law as a phenomenon, regardless of its historical forms. The dissertation answers the following questions: 1) issues related to the concept of legal personality, which includes defining the concept and analyzing its elements, and the analysis of the conditions and procedures for the creation, existence and dissolution of legal personality, as well as the future of this phenomenon; 2) the question of who can be a legal entity and, in this respect, the question of the concept of legal entity, types of entities and relationships between them and between legal and non-legal entities; 3) the issue of fictitious elements in law, as well as the issue of the relationship between legal fictions creating and legal personality; 4) the issue of the state’s legal personality; The dissertation sets the following research goals: 1) determining the general concepts of legal personality and legal entity; 2) determining and analysing the elements of the general concepts of legal personality and legal entity; 3) determining the conditions for the emergence and existence of legal personality; 4) determining the division of the types of legal entities; 5) determining the conditions for the termination of legal personality; 6) analysing mutual relationship between legal entities, as well as the relationship between legal and non-legal entities; 7) an attempt to give forecasts about the circle of legal entities and the contents of their personality. By achieving these goals the candidate intends to achieve another goal, which, according to him, in a sense, is an extract of the set of scientific research goals and their justification. This goal makes a return to legal personality and legal entity as the subject of knowledge, interests and concerns. In addition, the candidate primarily bears in mind the interest (not just scientifical one) and care for human beings, whose existence, acting and welfare represent, in his opinion and to his belief, the essence of legal personality. In order to achieve these goals, the candidate applied several methods of research in the dissertation, first of all– the method of structural analysis of legal personality. By the application of this method the abstract model of legal personality was construced, and it provides an insight in the essence of the phenomenon and its component parts (elements). This facilitates the study of the different regulatory solutions in individual legal systems and enables their systematic and impartial evaluation and criticism. In addition to structural analysis, the following methods are applied in the dissertation, namely : normative method, egsegetic method, historical legal method and comparative method. Finally, the candidate has often used a multidisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of legal personality, which includes reliance on knowledge originating in the field of legal science and in the field of philosophy, sociology, historiography, psychology, psychiatry, anthropology, and other sciences. In the dissertation the candidate supports the thesis that, while looking for the answers to the questions of the legal personality, law theory should not be led by the solutions of this or that legal system, and then declares that there is only one correct solution. The answer to the question who can be considered as a legal entity and what the substance of his personality is, is provided by every legal system. According to a purely legal point of view, none of these answers is incorrect, but any set of norms whose implementation is provided by an organization with a monopoly of physical coercion does not deserve to be called a legal system, nor such an organization deserves to be called a state. In this regard, an essential feature of any legal system is its focus on the value realization. The question of legal personality itself is the question of value par excellence because the determination of the conditions for the acquisition, duration and termination of the status of legal entity as well as defining the contents and еxtent of individual rights, legal obligations and legal responsibilities shows the value profile of a legal system in the best way. In the dissertation, the candidate stands for value relativism, noting that the greatest sufferings throughout history were caused in the name of the belief in the absolute of some values. Hence, the strongest barrier to such phenomena is the value relativism itself, which in any case does not deny the importance of values. On the contrary, applied to the law, value relativism sets, as the main task of any state, the foster realization of the broadest possible range of values. If the values are relative, then the only values which do not interfere with the existence of other values have the right to the acknowledgment. The candidate puts forward the hypothesis that the common definition of legal personality (the legal entity's ability to be the holder/owner of rights and obligations, does not express the true nature of the phenomenon. That is why the dissertation offers different definitions of legal personality: the legal personality is a position of subordination to the authority of legal norms, which originates substantive and procedural individual rights, legal obligations, legal responsibilities and relevant legal actions. In support of such a definition, the candidate gives the following arguments: 1. In order to have individual rights and obligations, one must be subordinate to the authority of legal norms - subordination to this authority, logically but not historically, goes before the possession of rights and obligations. 2. The definition of legal personality as the ability to have rights and obligations gives no information about the origin of these rights and obligations, and they must come from the law – not just from one's will. 3. In connection with the cited under 2, the definition proposed in the dissertation implicitly contains the answer to the question of the position of state as a legal entity and of its relation to other legal entities. This definition suggests that the state government is subservient to legal norms and its relationship to the rights and obligations of other legal entities is defined by legal norms. 4. Emphasizing that legal entity possesses substantive and procedural rights underlines the right to legal protection, whereas such protection, in the form of possessing procedural rights, belongs to both the active and the passive side of the substantive relationship, and legal obligations and responsibilities belongs also to both parties in substantive legal relationship. The proposed definition also takes into account the norms regulating legal proceedings and whose systematic, sophistication and comprehensiveness represent differentia specifica of law. 5. Determination of legal personality as a position of subordination to the authority of legal norms emphasizes the nature of law as a communicating phenomenon. The subordination to the authority of legal norms implies an exchange of imperative-attributive messages among persons who are subordinate to such authority. 6. From the statement about the authority of legal norms over legal entities places emphasis on the importance of interpretation of legal norms. The interpretations of legal norms are very important for the realization of the values in the form of peace, order and legal certainty by setting the irrebuttable presumption of the true meaning of legal norms, i. e. the presumption of who has the right, who has the legal obligations and who is responsible in every concrete case. In this way, we emphasize the importance of the court as an impartial third entitity, which authoritatively determines the true meaning of legal norms and dismisses dispute about a person's rights, legal obligations and /or legal rensponsibility. 7. By defining a legal personality as the position of subordination to the authority of legal norms, that originates substantive and procedural individual rights, legal obligations, legal responsibilities and relevant legal actions we avoid to impoverish legal personality, i. e. we avoid to reduce it to legal statics (legal capacity). Thus we stress the importance of legal dynamics, the right essential phenomenon for which the legal statics exists. 8. Determination of legal personality as ability of possessing rights and obligations could be misleading to wrong conlusion that legal personality springs necessarily from a natural and permanent capacity of a holder of the rights, obligations and responsibilities. On the contrary, there is a legal entity only if it is acknowledged, and the acknowledgement does not necessarily springs from natural and permanent characteristics of a being or a creation which is recognized as legal entity. The concept of legal entity corresponds with the concept of legal personality which is offered in the dissertation: it is a natural or an artificial creation which has been granted legal personality, i. e. which is in the position of subordination to the authority of legal norms, that originates substantive and procedural individual rights, legal obligations, legal responsibilities and relevant legal actions (their own and/or other artificial creations and creatures). The dissertation also offeres a prediction regarding the changes to be expected in the foreseeable future. These are: 1) the emergence of new types of legal entities; 2) changes in the volume of legal personality; 3) changes in the occurrence and cessation of legal personality; and 4) the disappearance of some types of legal
This paper tests the VaR model’s applicability to the emerging markets of candidate and potential candidate countries for EU membership, in order to answer the question whether VaR models created and ...suited for developed financial markets can reliably be used for calculating market risk capital requirements to the volatile and illiquid financial markets, under the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s rules. To answer this question, the paper tests the validity of eight VaR models in the capital markets of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia and Turkey. The tested VaR models are Variance–Covariance, RiskMetrics, Historical Simulation, time weighted Historical Simulation with decay factors of 0,97 and 0,99, volatility weighted Historical Simulation and normal Monte Carlo simulation. Beside these popular VaR models created for the developed financial markets, the paper tests the applicability of the Hybrid Historical Simulation model developed in the paper, and Calibrated Monte Carlo Simulation, adjusted in accordance with the characteristic. The research didn’t cover the capital market of Albania, because, strictly speaking, it does not exist. Daily logarithmic returns of stock indexes were used to test the model’s validity. The tested stock indexes are BIRS, MBI10, MONEX20, BELEXline, CROBEX and UX100. The returns were collected from the website Bloomberg for the period from 02.02.2009 to 02.02.2012. VaR figures were calculated daily, for a one-day ahead horizon, on a sample of 500 days of data, for the period from 02.02.2011. until 02.02.2012. at 95 and 99% confidence levels. The validity of the model was estimated for a period of 253 days. Kupiec’s unconditional coverage test was used for testing model validity. The results of the research indicate that VaR models, developed for and adjusted to developed financial markets, do not estimate market risks adequately in illiquid and volatile markets, those of EU candidates’ states and potential candidate states. According to Kupiec’s unconditional coverage test, Hybrid Historical Simulation and Calibrated Monte Carlo Simulation have the best performance.
U radu je izvršeno testiranje aplikativnosti modela VaR na tržištima kandidata i potencijalnih kandidata za članstvo u EU, kako bi se odgovorilo na pitanje da li modeli VaR, koji su razvijeni i prilagođeni razvijenim finansijskim tržišta, mogu pouzdano da se koriste za utvrđivanje kapitalnih zahteva za pokriće tržišnih rizika na volatilnim i nelikvidnim tržištima, u skladu sa pravilima Bazelskog komiteta za superviziju banaka. Kako bi se odgovorilo na ovo pitanje, u radu je testirana validnost osam modela VaR na tržištima kapitala Bosne i Hercegovine, Crne Gore, Makedonije, Srbije, Hrvatske i Turske. Testirani modeli su varijansa-kovarijansa, RiskMetrics, model istorijske simulacije, model istorijske simulacije ponderisan vremenom sa faktorom opadanja od 0,97 i 0,99, model istorijske simulacije ponderisan volatilnošću i normalin model Monte Carlo simulacije. Pored ovih modela, koji su razvijeni za razvijena finansijska tržišta, u radu je testirana aplikativnost hibridnog modela istorijske simulacije, koji je razvijen u radu i kalibriranog modela Monte Carlo simulacije, koji je podešen prema karakteristikama izabranih tržišta. Istraživanje nije obuhvatilo tržište kapitala u Albaniji, pošto, u suštinskom smislu, ono ne postoji u ovoj zemlji. Za testiranje validnosti modela korišćeni su dnevni logaritamski prinosi opštih berzanskih indeksa. Testirani indeksi su BIRS, MONEX20, MBI10, BELEXline, CROBEX i XU100. Podaci su prikupljeni sa Bloomberg-ovog veb sajta za period od 02.02.2009. do 02.02.2012. godine. Procene VaR tržišnih indeksa vršile su se dnevno za holding period od jednog dana, na uzorku od 500 dana podataka, za period od 02.02.2011. do 02.02.2012 godine i to za nivo poverenja od 95 i 99%. Validnost modela procenjena je za period od 253 dana. Za testiranje validnosti modela, korišćen je Kupiec-ov model bezuslovnog pokrića. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da modeli, koji su razvijeni i prilagođeni razvijenim finansijskim tržištima, ne pružaju pouzdane procene tržišnog rizika na nelikvidnim i volatilnim tržištima, kakva su tržišta u nastajanju kandidata i potencijalnih kandidata za članstvo u EU. Najbolje performanse, prema Kupiec-ovom testu bezuslovnog pokrića, postigli su hibridni model istorijske simulacije i kalibrirani model Monte Carlo simulacije.
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