In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of kaolin application, which is a natural clay mineral, on fruit quality in walnut growing. The study was carried out in 2010 and 2011 growing ...years and Payne, Serr and Pedro walnut cultivars were used. Starting in June, kaolin treatment was repeated at 6% dose and 4% and 2% at three week intervals. Additionally, pomological analyses were carried out to determine the effect of kaolin application on fruit quality. Experiment results state that yield amount, shelled fruit weight of walnut, kernel weight of walnut, kernel rate and marketable fruit rate of fruits with kaolin were higher than control fruits. Comparing the process of cracking the fruits with kaolin to control group, it was found that the shell is the easiest to crack when kaolin was applied. As a result, it is to be expressed that kaolin application affects fruit’s overall quality positively in aforementioned cultivars of walnut, namely Payne, Pedro and Serr.
The main goal of this study was to provide a critical analysis of the oil and fat sub-complex for deep walnut processing, to determine and compare the profitability of enterprises’ activities under ...different business models for implementation in the agro-food value chain. The latter was considered as an important factor for the development of the domestic market of walnuts and export opportunities. Business modeling of the enterprise activity in the oil and fat sub-complex for deep walnut processing was carried out. The stages of production and marketing activities of the enterprise from the garden planting or the purchase of the processed raw materials to the sale of the processed raw materials and products obtained from walnut processing depending on the chosen business model were considered. A comparative analysis of profitability of the enterprise activity and absolute values of income and profitability indicators under various business models of the enterprise activity were shown. The most cost-effective business-model entailed the combination of walnut production and its processing, which will provide profitability of up to 4640.32% in the 20th year of the project implementation. The results of the given study are intended for the agricultural enterprises of central region of Ukraine.
In this study we were studying the question whether walnut production under domestic natural and economic circumstances shall be considered a profitable activity or not. Our partial objective is to ...determine, what level of natural inputs and production costs are required for walnut production, what yield level, selling price and production value can be attained, what level of profitability, rentability and efficiency may production have, is the establishment of a walnut orchard profitable on the entire lifespan of the plantation, and the production of which is more efficient: the dry shelled walnut production requiring postharvest activity or the raw, shelled walnut without postharvest activities. In this study, comparison of two systems is conducted. First version: producer establishes a walnut plantation and sells walnut raw and shelled. Second version: producer also invests into a drying facility, and in this case the end product is the dry, shelled walnut. If the producer sells walnut right after harvest in a raw bulk, total production costs in productive years reaches 974,011 HUF/ha. Attainable yield is 2.63 t/ha with 396.3 HUF/kg selling price, therefore the profit is 138,258 HUF/ha with 14.19% cost-related profitability. In the case when the producer sells dried, shelled walnut, production costs are 25% higher compared to that of raw walnut due to the cost of drying. By calculating with the postharvest loss, average yield is 1.84 t/ha, however, its selling price is way higher (882.84 HUF/kg), therefore the profit per hectare reaches 475,496 HUF with 39.01% cost-related profitability. Thus it can be stated that walnut production in an average year may be profitable even without postharvest, but efficiency is improved significantly when the producer sells the products dried. Investment profitability analysis revealed that production of raw, shelled walnut is not economically viable, since the plantation does not pay off on its entire lifespan (30 years), while walnut production with postharvest is efficient and rentable, since both net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) showed more favourable values than in the previous case, and the orchard pays off in the 21th year after establishment.
In this present study the returning issues and profit conditions of domestic walnut production are investigated. Our objective is to determine the fact that under what conditions our walnut ...production may be competitive and maintained in an economic way regarding the present economic and market situations. Our analysis was carried out by a deterministic model based on a farm-level data gathering in production enterprises. The total investment cost of an up-to-date walnut orchard is up to 3000 thousands HUF per hectare and turning toproductivity is expected within 8-10th years. These orchards are able to produce a yield of 3 tons per hectare in the years of productivity in a normal year, thus in case of a medium-good selling prices a profit of 500 thousand HUF per hectare may be realized. As a result at the end of the whole lifetime of the orchard (30th year) an internal rate of return (IRR) of 10 to 12% may be calculated and the return is expected in the 20th to 22nd year, which may be considered as a very late return. Taking the 20 to 25% probability of harmful whether phenomena (frost, drought) into consideration, it may be concluded that in good years a performance reaching a yield of 4 tons per hectare is necessary in the long-run in order to achieve the profitable and sustainable production in an economic way. This is managed to reach in only the most up-todate orchards.
A tanulmányban arra a kérdésre keresem a választ, hogy gazdaságos tevékenység-e a diótermelés a hazai természeti és gazdasági környezetben. Ré-szcélkitűzésem annak megállapítása, hogy milyen ...naturális ráfordítások, illetve termelési költségek szükségesek a diótermeléshez, milyen hozamszint, ér-tékesítési ár, valamint termelési érték érhető el, milyen jövedelemtermelő képes-ség, jövedelmezőség és hatékonyság jellemzi a termelést, gazdaságos-e egy dióültetvény létesítése a teljes ültetvény-élettartamot tekintve, illetve hogy a posztharveszt tevékenységet is igénylő száraz héjas dió vagy a posztharveszt nélküli nyers héjas dió termelése a hatékonyabb. A tanulmányban két rendszer összehasonlítása történik, az első verzióban a termelő egy dióültetvényt telepít és a diót nyers héjas formában értékesíti, a másik verzióban az ültetvénytelepítés mellett egy szárítóüzem beruházása is megtörténik, ebben az esetben a termék a száraz héjas dió. Ha a termelő a diót betakarítás után nyers tömegben, azonnal értékesíti, az összes termelési költsége a termőévekben eléri a 974 ezer Ft/ha-t. Az elérhető hozamszint 2,63 t/ha 396 Ft/kg-os értékesítési ár mellett, az elérhető nyeresége 138 ezer Ft/ha 14,19%-os költségarányos jövedelmezőség mellett. Amennyiben a termelő szárított héjas diót értékesít, a termelési költsége 25%-kal magasabb a nyers dió előállításához képest a szárítás költsége miatt, a poszt-harveszt veszteséggel korrigálva 1,84 t/ha az átlagos hozam, azonban az ér-tékesítési átlagára jóval magasabb (883 Ft/kg), így nyeresége hektáronként 475 ezer Ft, 39,01% költségarányos jövedelmezőség mellett. Megállapítható tehát, hogy egy átlagos termőévben a diótermelés posztharveszt tevékenység nélkül is nyereséges, azonban jelentősen javítja a hatékonyságot, ha a termelő szárítva értékesíti termékét. A beruházásgazdaságossági számítás elvégzése után láthatóvá vált, hogy a nyers héjas dió előállítása gazdaságtalan, az ültetvény nem térül meg a teljes élettartam (30 év) alatt, míg a diótermesztés posztharveszt beruházással együtt hatékony és gazdaságos, ugyanis mind a nettó jelenérték, mind a belső megtérülési ráta kedvezőbb értékeket kapott, mint az első ver-zióban, a megtérülés a 21. évben következik be. = In the present study I examined the question whether walnut production under domestic natural and economic circumstances can be considered to be a profitable activity or not. My partial objective is to determine, what level of natural inputs and production costs are required for walnut production, what yield level, selling price and production value can be attained, what level of profitability, rentability and effi-ciency may production have, is the establishment of a walnut orchard profitable on the entire lifespan of the plantation, and the production of which is more efficient: the dry shelled walnut production requiring postharvest activity or the raw, shelled walnut without postharvest activities. In this study, comparison of two systems is conducted. First version: producer establishes a walnut plantation and sells walnut raw and shelled. Second version: producer also invests into a drying facility, and in this case the end product is the dry, shelled walnut. If the producer sells walnut right after harvest in a raw bulk, total production costs in productive years reaches 974 thousand HUF/ha. Attainable yield is 2.63 t/ha with 396 HUF/kg selling price, therefore the profit is 138 thousand HUF/ha with 14.19% cost-related profitability. In the case when the producer sells dried, shelled walnut, production costs are 25% higher compared to that of raw walnut due to the cost of drying. By calculating with the postharvest loss, average yield is 1.84 t/ha, however, its selling price is way higher (883 HUF/kg), therefore the profit per hectare reaches 475 thousand HUF with 39.01% cost-related profitability. Thus, it can be stated that walnut production in an average year may be profitable even without postharvest, but efficiency is improved significantly when the producer sells the products dried. Investment profitability analysis revealed that production of raw, shelled walnut is not economically viable, since the plantation does not pay off on its entire lifespan (30 years), while walnut production with postharvest is efficient and rentable, since both net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) showed more favourable values than in the previous case, and the orchard pays off in the 21th year after establishment.
Paradox (
Juglans hindsii ×
J. regia), the dominant rootstock used in the California walnut industry, is susceptible to crown gall caused by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In practice, soil fumigation ...has been a common pre-plant management strategy for crown gall, but even the industry standard, methyl bromide (MeBr), results in inconsistent disease control. To examine MeBr efficacy and identify potential alternatives, combinations of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), chloropicrin, iodomethane, dazomet, and metam-sodium were examined. Except for 1,3-D alone, all treatments reduced
A. tumefaciens and
Phytophthora cactorum populations below detection limits. MeBr eliminated
A. tumefaciens populations in buried gall tissue, but a combination of 1,3-D and chloropicrin (TC35) did not. An additional 280 kg/ha of chloropicrin in addition to TC35 eliminated
A. tumefaciens populations in buried gall tissue. Of the treatments tested, TC35 was the best alternative to MeBr given its efficacy on soil populations of
A. tumefaciens and
P. cactorum and potential suppressiveness to soil recolonization by
A. tumefaciens. MeBr reduced general aerobic bacterial populations below detection limits producing a temporary biological vacuum.
A. tumefaciens reintroduced in soils treated with MeBr and TC35 reached significantly higher populations than in non-fumigated soil. However,
A. tumefaciens populations in TC35-treated soil were 100-fold lower than MeBr-treated soil 110 d after reintroduction. Increased recolonization rates resulting in higher subsequent soil populations could be a mechanism underlying the observed inconsistent crown gall control after MeBr application.
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Proizvodnja voća smatra se ekonomski prihvatljivom poljoprivrednom aktivnošću, posebice u područjima u kojima je napuštanje poljoprivredne proizvodnje postalo veliki problem. Zbog visoke razine ...samodostatnosti proizvodnje jabuka, te niske samodostatnosti proizvodnje drugih vrsta voća u Sloveniji, za male uzgajivače voća je diverzifikacija u proizvodnji dobra poslovna prilika. Orah je jedna od brojnih voćnih vrsta koje se mogu uzgajati u rubnim područjima. Međutim, poljoprivrednicima su potrebne pouzdane informacije o ekonomskoj opravdanosti proizvodnje oraha prije ulaganja u voćnjak.
U okviru istraživanja za ovaj rad izrađen je statički simulacijski model kako bi se omogućila poredbena analiza troškova integralne proizvodnje oraha. Budući da je integralna proizvodnja voća danas prevladavajući trend u slovenskom voćarstvu, za model je rabljena odgovarajuća tehnologija proizvodnje.
Procjena ukupnih troškova predstavlja osnovicu za izračunavanje i proizvodne točke pokrića u modelu. Utjecaj različitih priroda na cijenovnu točku pokrića procjenjuje se pomoću analize osjetljivosti. Prosječni godišnji novčani tokovi procjenjuju se temeljem modela za izračun proizvodnih troškova. Primjenom analize troškova i koristi, na koncu se izračunava sadašnja neto vrijednost i interna stopa rentabilnosti kako bi se mogli ocijeniti financijski aspekti određenog investicijskog projekta vezanog uz proizvodnju oraha.
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