The relevance of this article is due to the neсessity to broaden the notion of means of designation of augmentative semantics of person in the English language. Their structural types have been ...identified, with words prevalence over word combinations. The augmentative semantics of words is motivated by a word-forming affix, while augmentative meaning of free word-groups and idioms is realized by additional words. Augmentative designations of person refer to big size, seniority, importance, higher degree of quality. Transference of meaning is observed in the structure of an idiomatic augmentative word-group.
The author of the present article made attempt to classify word combinations of different structures and compound nominations with the key word trousers included into a thematic microgroup "men's ...clothes". The linguistic material used includes the texts of online catalogs of men's clothes represented at the mass market; in total the author analyzed more than 400 word combinations. Two trends of trousers noun functioning in the modern Russian language are revealed: the first one consists in the "ideal denotation" by a single lexical unit trousers, the second one reflects the process of increasing the syntagmatic possibilities of the analyzed lexeme in modern discourse-mediated use, resulting in the expression of numerous "material denotations" for various language situations. A detailed analysis of numerous examples allowed to distinguish two classification groups of word combinations and compound nominations related to the thematic microgroup "men's clothes" – quantitativestructural and semantic-cultural. The author characterizes the morphological, syntactic, semantic, lexicographic features of presenting names of such item as trousers at the market today. Special attention in this research is paid to the combination and mutual influence of intralinguistic and extralinguistic peculiarities of functioning of the analyzed units in the modern Russian discourse practices of the 21st century.
The article is devoted to the structural models of English multi-component terms from the subject area Welding types as a basis for marking the corpora of scientific and technical texts. The place of ...corpora of scientific and technical texts in corpus linguistics and prospects of further scientific research based on them are marked. Relevance of the research is conditioned by the necessity to create the corpus of scientific and technical texts, in general, and means of automatic marking of terms, in particular. It has been substantiated that the main problem in creating the corpus of scientific and technical texts is automatic marking of terminological word combinations. The analysis of the current state of the terminology system of the subject area Welding types has been carried out. The formal structure of elements of the Welding types terminology system is considered. The results of the analysis of two, three, four-component English terminological word combinations of the Welding types subject area and their structural models are presented. All structural models of English terminology combinations are illustrated with examples. The most productive models of English terms word combinations are highlighted. It is shown that the most productive model - the combination of a nucleus element with a noun or an adjective in the function of the prepositional definition - can be traced in two-component word combinations, but the analysis of more complex formations shows that the model of left definition attached to the term kernel is also present in them, demonstrating generic features. The necessity of enumerating all possible structural models of terminological combinations in the subject area Welding types has been substantiated. The novelty of the study is seen in the formation of a database of structural models of terminological combinations as the basis of a superstructure database on the structure of terms to improve the quality of automatic marking of the bodies of scientific and technical texts and processing of terms-candidates in the conduct of body studies.
The article focuses on the problem of successful communication in the course of military translation. The significant part of this process is a translation of numerous military terms, acronyms, and ...abbreviations where a translator must consider the context of the military document to ensure the right translation, which is as close as possible to the original text meaning. The research is based on the method of scientific observation during the classes and practical exercises in cooperation with NATO officers, the descriptive method, the method of comparison, which was used in the analysis of many textbooks and scientific articles. The use of the specific method of distributive analysis allowed the consideration of the context-dependent military terms and abbreviations. This paper presents the results of the research, including, in particular, the outlining of the classification of military terms and abbreviations, accentuation on the skills and knowledge which are important for producing a correct translation of the military terms and abbreviations which, in its turn, may have correspondents in a target language or may not have ones. Last but not least, the article provides the most striking instances of translating military terms and abbreviations grouped by their types. Reviewing the results, one can consider military translation as a context-based linguistic activity to a significant degree. The translator should have wide knowledge in the military sphere generally and in a concrete object of translation in part: artillery, ammo, IT-technologies etc. Besides English, itself is a language that develops exponentially, which invokes the growth of a variety of military terminology. As known, English is one of the two official languages of NATO. However, there are some differences in vocabulary and stylistic usage between the native languages of the Alliance member countries and English, so translators must take it into account in order to avoid misunderstandings
In this paper, we define the notion of collocation for the purpose of its use in machine-readable language resources, which will be used in the creation of electronic dictionaries and language ...applications for Slovene. Based on theoretical and lexicographically-driven studies we define collocation as a lexical phenomenon, defined by three key aspects: statistical, syntactic, and semantic. We take lexicographic relevance as a point of departure for defining collocations within the typology of word combinations, as well as for distinguishing them from free combinations. Free combinations are (frequent) syntactically valid word combinations without lexicographic value and consequently there is no need for the description of their meaning, or syntactic role. Next, we distinguish collocations from all multiword lexical units (compounds, phraseological units and lexico-grammatical units) using the lexicographic view that multiword lexical units, whose meaning is not a sum of its parts, require a description of their meaning whereas collocations do not. In the final part, we return to the three aspects of collocation and their role in automatic extraction of collocational information from corpora. Semantic criterion or dictionary relevance of extracted collocations has particularly exposed the problem of semantically broad collocates such as certain types of adverbs, adjectives and verbs, and word which feature in different syntactic roles (e.g. pronouns and adjuncts). We discuss a particular issue of collocations related to proper names and the decisions about their inclusion into the dictionary based on the evaluation of lexicographers.
The subject-matter of this paper is the structural mechanism of the proverse and reverse word-compounding as a word-building process in modern English while having the model of word-combination as a ...starting basis for such transformations. The mechanism of proversion represents the process transforming a word-combination into a compound word while preserving the initial order of components coinciding with that of a word-combination (A + B → AB). When the reverse process of compounding takes place, the components of a resulting compound word change their places as to each other in comparison with a component-order in an initial word-combination (A + B → BA). The hypothesis of the investigation is that the compounding by proversion occurs if words of an initial word-combination are tied with the syntactic relation of agreement, while the reverse compounding usually tends to provide compounding on the basis of the syntactic relation of control. The proversive model is mostly the basis for creating nominative parts of speech, and the result of the reverse intergration of a word-combination into a compound word is manifested mainly by a verb or a verbal. The article describes the general and certain specific models of proverse and reverse compounding with the indication of their functional and stylistic peculiar features. The conclusion indicates the perspectives of working out the problem on the basis of other languages and on the comparative ground.
The present study has explored one of the most important types of word combination, collocations, which are two or more words that have a strong tendency to co-occur in a language and prefabricated ...combination of two or more words in a context. Thirty postgraduate students participated in this study and their academic writings were analyzed to identify the basis for their difficulties in producing this type of word combination. The findings revealed that students produced 367 collocations and the total number for lexical collocations were 270. The results showed that learners have difficulties with lexical collocations in their writing. Among the lexical collocations subtypes, verb+noun type was the most difficult for the participants to produce. The results also indicated that learners are not aware of word combinations that they produced in their writings.
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