The essay addresses the complex issue of proportionality between the amount of work and wage in agile work. The reflections originate from the results of a research conducted with interviews with ...employees and managers of a macro-productive sector of Milanese area. The scope of the article is to illustrate, through the analysis of data, collective and individual agreements, the implications deriving from the dilation of working time, the main issues emerging from art. 20, l. n. 81/2017 and from the absence of laws aiming at compensating the greater costs deriving from the agile job.
The essay addresses the issue of flexible working time in the context of agile work. It also deals with the instruments for limiting working hours to protect constitutional rights of individuals. ...Building upon the results of a research study conducted through interviews with companies and managerial and administrative personnel in a macro-sector of production in the Milan area, the author questions the adequacy of legal and collective contractual discipline in the field to address the trend of extending the number of hours worked remotely. The focus is particularly on the need to make the right to disconnect effective.
This article explores the relationship between sector-level conflict and local-level cooperation. Drawing on longitudinal data on working time cooperation in the school sector collected before and ...after a sector-level lockout of teachers in 2013, the article argues that management and labour at the local level enter a process of cultural script adaptation when faced with radical change. The cultural script is rooted in the ritualized enactment of the collective bargaining model in Denmark. Findings also show that multiple cognitive frames coexist during change, but it is the rigidity of the ritualized interaction – that is, the script – which explains why conflict at the central sector level does not easily spread. The article also finds that the cultural script underpins and enables trust production and cooperation, while the script can adapt even during low trust.
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To investigate sex differences in the titles and lifestyles of Japanese ophthalmologists, we evaluated work places and private lives. Retrospective cross-sectional study. The study included 1721 ...members (1344 males and 377 females) of the Japanese Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. An online, anonymized questionnaire was distributed to the society members. The questionnaire included 40 questions to collect data on profiles, lifestyles, job title, families, spouses, children, household chores, child-rearing, and work satisfaction. In total, 219 members (144 males and 75 females; 53.4 ± 1.0 and 51.3 ± 9.9 years old, respectively) completed the questionnaire. The job title, working time, annual income, marriage rate, and the number of children significantly differed between male and female respondents. Female respondents had greater responsibilities toward house chores, child care, and nursing, whereas several male doctors had spouses who did not work or worked for shorter times, earned a lower income, and contributed greater toward family responsibilities. Female respondents changed their job titles after having children more frequently than male respondents. Both males and females had limited time available for community activities and volunteer work. There were no significant differences in daily sleep duration. Both sexes were equally satisfied with their career choice of ophthalmology; however, fewer females recommended ophthalmology as a career for students and children compared to males. There are significant sex differences among ophthalmologists in Japan in terms of family responsibilities; this topic has received insufficient attention.
Objectives Many studies have investigated the association between long working hours and health. By focusing on differences in the definition of long working hours and the influence of shift work, we ...attempt to explain why the results of these studies remain inconclusive. Methods We defined long working hours as working time greater than around 40 hours per week or 8 hours per day. Since previous studies have indicated that shift work is detrimental to health, we minimized the influence of shift work in the studies. We also placed importance on the existence of reference groups since this made the results clearer. Based on these points, we analyzed previous studies to clarify the epidemiological evidence regarding the association between long working hours and health. We established inclusion criteria and carried out a systematic search for articles published in the Mediine and PsycINFO databases between 1995-2012. Results We identified a total of 17 articles and 19 studies (12 prospective cohort and 7 cross-sectional studies). The outcomes were all-cause mortality, circulatory disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, depressive state, anxiety, other psychological disorders, sleep condition, cognitive function, and health-related behavior. Long working hours had significant adverse effects on most health outcomes. Conclusions We concluded that working long hours is associated with depressive state, anxiety, sleep condition, and coronary heart disease. However, further studies that appropriately deal with the definition of long working hours and shift work are needed.
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Working time and ageing have become increasingly prominent in the ongoing discussions on the transition to a low-carbon society. However, little research has considered the impact of their ...interaction on carbon dioxide emissions. The present study addresses this gap by exploring how ageing affects the relationship between working time and emissions. We adopt the stochastic impacts by regression on a population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model and two-way fixed effects regression model to investigate the effects of household total weekly working time and proportion of elderly family members on indirect household emissions by using the 2010–2018 panel data from China Family Panel Studies. Results show that the working time elasticity of carbon emissions is 0.092, indicating that a reduction in working time can reduce indirect household emissions. Considering the interaction item between working time and ageing, the working time elasticity changes to −0.228. This suggests that ageing reshapes the effects of working time on emissions by decreasing working time and shaping time allocation and consumption to be more carbon-intensive. The findings suggest that work time reduction policies should be designed for households whose occupants are no more than 1/3 elderly people and households with annual income greater than CNY 97.9 thousand.
•Age shapes the relationship between working time and indirect household emissions.•The interaction item between ageing and working time is taken into account.•Working time reduction contributes to reducing indirect household emissions.•Ageing is negatively associated with indirect household emissions.•Governments encourage families with fewer than 1/3 of elders to reduce work time.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Purpose: This research aims to determine the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on working time allocation and income of elderly population in Indonesia.
Design/methodology/approach: The research uses a ...descriptive approach with a time series design using macro data issued by Central Bureau of Statistics for 2019 (before the Covid-19 pandemic) and 2021 (the Covid-19 pandemic).
Findings: The results showed more elderly (0.05 percent) enter to the labor market during the Covid-19 pandemic, but on other hand there was higher unemployment of 1.36 percent. There has been a decrease in average working time allocation from 2019 (before the Covid-19 pandemic) to 2021 (during the Covid-19 pandemic) by 2.34 hours per week. The research results also show a decrease in average income during the Covid-19 pandemic of IDR 220,000 per month.
Research limitations/implications: The workforce consist of young and old generation. This research limited to elderly and cannot examine young and more productive worker.
Practical implications: The policy of providing assistance in form of venture capital funds for elderly can be continued and expanded to support productive older people to be allowed to work at home.
Social Implications: The families and relatives of elderly should optimize economic support for elderly
Originality/value: The increase in number of elderly around the world due to good quality of life, advances in medical technology and modern health services. This is the first research that examine the time alocation and income of elderly after Covid 19.
Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours ...and the onset of depressive symptoms. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies. Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries 96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25 between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I^2=45.1%, P=0.004). A strong association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70-1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small. Conclusions This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.
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•Extend preventive replaceent models.•Systems subject to multi-type failures.•Analyze general age-dependent repair policy.•Focus on the long-run cost rate.•Find the optinal policy.
Two extended ...preventive replacement models for systems that execute projects at random times are discussed in this paper. The system is subject to shocks at which the system experiences one of two kinds of failures whose probabilities depend on age. A type I failure will cause a minor failure of the system and is fixed by a minimal repair. A type II failure will lead to a catastrophic failure of the system, and a corrective replacement is required at such failure. First, we investigate a preventive replacement policy where the system is replaced at the m-th type I failure, or at the time instant when the n-th working project is completed, or at age τ, or at the first type II failure, whichever occurs first. In addition, we also investigate another preventive replacement model where the system is replaced preventively at the time instant when the n-th working project is completed, or at the m-th type I failure, or at age τ, whichever occurs last, and is replaced correctively at the first type II failure. We formulate the long-run expected cost rate for each replacement policy, and determine analytically the optimum preventive replacement policy. We also show that several previous replacement models in the literature are special cases of our models. Finally, a procedure for finding the optimum preventive replacement schedule is presented and some numerical examples are given illustrating the present policies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Working time mismatches – and especially overemployment – continue to be a highly relevant topic in German legislation, business practice and in research. However, it has been rather neglected in ...empirical absenteeism research. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between contractual overemployment, that is, the difference between contractual and preferred working hours, and sickness absence in Germany. Furthermore, this study explores the moderating role of HR practices (flexible work arrangements and part-time employment) on this relationship. Therefore, I conduct two-level negative binomial regression analyses, using data from the German Socio-economic panel (GSOEP). In line with the JD-R model, results indicate that overemployment (especially overemployment of 6–10 hours compared to a work hour match) is positively related to sickness absence. However, the moderating role of flexible work arrangements, that is, the buffer effect of working time autonomy on this link cannot be confirmed. Moreover, the results suggest that part-time employment amplifies the relationship between overemployment (1–5 hours) and sickness absence for females only. This study highlights the need to move away from standardised work hour arrangements. Indeed, it is one of the first studies that emphasises the role of preference-based contractual working hours in reducing absenteeism, also and especially because standard HR practices do not mitigate overemployment-related absenteeism, but can in fact exacerbate it. Furthermore, this study contributes to theory and literature, by extending the JD-R model to overemployment.
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