U ovom radu analiziraju se normativni akti regulacije zaštite životinja na razini nacionalnih država (posebno Republike Srbije) i na razini nadnacionalnih organizacija i saveza država (Europsko ...vijeće i Europska unija). Autor posebni naglasak stavlja na pojmovnu artikulaciju izraza upotrijebljenih u dokumentima koji opserviraju zaštitu životinja. U članku se, iz praktičko-filozofijske perspektive, razmatraju pojmovi: (I) »životinja« (»svaki kralježnjak koji je u stanju osjećati bol, patnju, strah i stres«); (II) »dobrobit« (»osiguravanje uvjeta u kojima životinja može ostvariti svoje fiziološke i druge potrebe svojstvene vrsti«); (III) »zlostavljanje« (»svako postupanje ili nepostupanje sa životinjama kojim se namjerno ili iz nehaja izaziva bol, patnja, strah, stres, povreda, narušava genetska cjelovitost životinje i izaziva smrt«), kao i druge riječi koje su relevantne za razumijevanje dominantno antropocentričkog pristupa životinjama. Također, istražuju se teškoće s implementacijom postojećih zakona o zaštiti i dobrobiti životinja, koje su uvjetovane nedovoljno interioriziranim senzibilitetom kako službenih institucija, tako i građana – prema tzv. ne-ljudskim živim bićima. Autor pritom ističe da je veoma važno da institucije, kao i ljudi koji ih čine, postojećim spoznajama i uvidima ne zalaze ispod dostignutih civilizacijskih standarda etičko-moralne kulture te da različite teme u vezi odnosa prema životinjama promišljaju uz dužan oprez i svjesnost dilema s kojima se mogu susresti u profesionalnom radu i životu. Odgovarajući pluriperspektivni pristup, kao i svijest o odgovornosti, trebali bi rezultirati delikatnijim odnosom navedenih subjekata prema ne-ljudskom dijelu živih stvorenja.
The author analyses normative acts regulating the protection of animals, both at the national level (especially in the Republic of Serbia) and at the level of supranational organisations and state unions (the Council of Europe and the European Union), but also attempts to conceptualise the terms used in the documents observing the protection of animals. From the practical and philosophical perspective, this paper considers the terms (I) “animal” (“any vertebrate animal capable of experiencing pain, suffering, fear and stress”), (II) “welfare” (“the provision of conditions in which animals can exercise their physiological and other species-specific needs”), (III) “abuse” (“any treatment or disregard of animals, that causes pain, suffering, fear, stress, injury, damages the genetic integrity of the animal and causes death intentionally or through negligence”), and other terms relevant to understanding the prevailing anthropocentric approach to animals. The paper also examines the difficulties in implementing the adopted legislation on the protection and welfare of animals caused by an insufficiently internalised sensitivity of official institutions as well as citizens towards so-called non-human living beings. In the author’s view, it is important that they do not fall below the achieved civilisational standards of ethical and moral culture in their cognitions and insights, and that they consider various topics related to animals with due caution and awareness of the dilemmas they may encounter in their professional work and lives. An appropriate pluriperspective approach and a consciousness of responsibility should eventually lead to a more sensitive attitude of said subjects towards the non-human part of the animal creation.
Kruha i igara Dujmović, Lucija
In medias res,
09/2022, Volume:
11, Issue:
21
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
U ovom preglednom članku se analizira odnos između igre i sreće, kocke, države i zakona. U prvom dijelu rada se predstavlja igra i igre na sreću te njen značaj za čovjeka i tranzicija u područje ...ovisnosti. U drugom dijelu se govori o kocki, hazardnim igrama, državi i zakonima. Spominju se pravni akti i uplitanje etike i morala u priređivanje igara na sreću i njihovo oglašavanje. Zaključak objedinjuje sve navedeno te iznosi neka pitanja na koje se tek trebaju dati cjeloviti odgovori.
This review article analyzes the relationship between play and luck, gambling, the state and the law. The first part of the paper is about the games and the games of chance.; its impact on man and the transition into the field of addiction.The second part is about gambling, high risk games, the state and state’s law, legal acts and the interference of ethics and morality in the organization of games of chance and their advertising. The conclusion brings together all of the above and presents some questions that need to be answered.
Uz prikaz najzanimljivijih postavki svjetski poznatog eseja talijanskog znanstvenika Carla M. Cipolle “Fundamentalni zakoni ljudske gluposti”, kojim se želi istaknuti svevremenost i široki značaj tog ...kratkog teksta, naveden je i niz primjera iz literature i aforizama na tu temu. Cipolla uvodi čitatelja u svoje razmatranje finom, ali i provokativnom ironijom. Njegov, po koncepciji jedinstven tekst zasniva se na pseudo-znanstvenoj analizi ljudskog društva koja je potkrijepljena fiktivnim eksperimentalnim rezultatima. Čitatelje iz naše znanstvene, tehničke ili poslovne sredine Cipollin tekst će sigurno iznenaditi, ali i zabaviti i potaknuti na razmišljanje. Njihova iskustva u brojnim prilikama i s određenim osobama vjerojatno će iskrsnuti u novom svijetlu te ih potaknuti da s prikladne distance promotre mnoga zbivanja koja su utjecala na njihov život i karijeru.
Along with the presentation of the most interesting aspects of the world-famous essay by C. M. Cipolla “The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity” with comments that emphasize actuality and high relevance of this text of the famous Italian scientists, selected examples from the literature and aphorisms related to this topic are also presented. Cipolla introduces the reader to his contemplation with a fine but provocative irony. His text, unique by construction, is based on pseudo-scientific analysis of human society, supported by fictive experimental results.
For readers from our scientific, technical or entrepreneurial milieu, this text will surely represent a great surprise, but also entertainment and hint for reflection. Their former experience from many circumstances, and with specific persons, will probably appear in a new light, and push the readers to observe, from a proper distance, the many events that influenced their lives and carriers.
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Stupanj demokratičnosti jednog društva može se procijeniti na različite načine, a jedan je od njih analiza načina funkcioniranja medijskog sustava, zakonskih okvira, načina formiranja i principa ...djelovanja tijela i institucija kojima je povjerena uloga regulatora u području medija. Opisujući medijski pejsaž Srbije s posebnim naglaskom na medijske zakone i način izbora članova regulatornih tijela za medije u razdoblju 2000. – 2021., rad problematizira pitanja regulacije i deregulacije kao sredstava za uređenje medijske sfere, odnosno pokušava utvrditi jesu li samoregulacija i koregulacija najdemokratičniji modeli uređenja medijske prakse. Političke promjene koje su se dogodile 2000. godine u Srbiji utjecale su na unaprjeđenje medijske produkcije i prakse, počevši od usvajanja novih zakonskih akata, u prvom redu Zakona o radiodifuziji (2002). Taj zakon postavio je inovativan, proeuropski i demokratski okvir uređenja medijske sfere predvidjevši izbor nezavisnoga regulatornog tijela, Saveta republičke radiodifuzne agencije, koje je imalo vrlo velike ovlasti na području uređenja medijske sfere. Posebno je bitna činjenica da su većinski predlagači članova ovog tijela bili predstavnici civilnog sektora. Nakon 2012. godine, u Srbiji dolazi do jačanja autoritarnih političkih elita i populističkih trendova čime jačaju politički i ekonomski pritisci na medije, koji se smatraju protivnicima ili opozicijom. Novim setom medijskih zakona koji su usvojeni 2014., uključujući i Zakon o elektronskim medijima, uređenje medijske sfere povjereno je Regulatornom telu za elektronske medije (REM) i njegovom Savetu. Novo tijelo nije unaprijedilo područje medija, već je došlo do suprotnog. Neovisnost regulatornog tijela bila je više formalna nego neophodna, simulirano je poštovanje demokratskih principa i pritisci na izbor članova postali su sve češći. Također, ovo tijelo radilo je u necjelovitom sastavu, a marginaliziran je udio civilnog sektora u izboru članova. Iz spomenutih razloga možemo zaključiti kako je Srbija u posljednjih sedam godina značajno regresirala u pogledu uređenja područja elektroničkih medija i nezavisnosti regulatornih tijela. Premda su zakonska rješenja korektno izvedena, njihova je primjena obilježena nedosljednošću i simulacijom. Ovaj trend dovodi do lošeg položaja medija, ugroženosti nezavisnih regulatornih tijela i generalno ljudskih prava i sloboda, što je utvrđeno i u brojnim izvještajima međunarodnih institucija.
The degree in which a society has been democratised can be evaluated in different ways. One of the approaches is based around the analysis of the ways media system operates, legal framework, manner of establishing and principles behind the operation of bodies and institutions entrusted with the role of regulators in the field of media. Describing the media landscape in Serbia, with special emphasis on media laws and the manner of electing members of media regulatory bodies in the period between 2000 and 2021, the paper problematises the issue of regulation and deregulation as a mean of managing the media sphere. Moreover, the paper tends to determine whether selfegulation and co-regulation are the most democratic models of regulating media practice. Political changes in Serbia in 2000 affected the improvement of media production and practice, which began with the adoption of new legislation, primarily the Law on Broadcasting (2002). This law set an innovative, pro-European and democratic framework for media regulation as well as the constitution of an independent regulatory body - the Council of the Republic Broadcasting Agency, which had large jurisdiction in the field of media regulation. It is particularly important to state that representatives of the civil sector were the majority that nominated the members of this body. After 2012, authoritarian political elites and populist trends flourished in Serbia, increasing political and economic pressure on the media, which were seen as opponents or opposition. With the new set of media laws adopted in 2014, including the Law on Electronic Media, the regulation of media sphere has been entrusted to the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) and its Council. The newly established body did not improve the media sphere, but instead quite the opposite happened. Regulatory body had moreformal than essential independence, respect for democratic principles was simulated and pressures on the election of members became more frequent. This body worked in an incomplete composition, and the share of the civil sector in the election of members was marginalised. For the above-mentioned reasons, we can conclude that in the last seven years Serbia has significantly regressed in terms of regulating the field of electronic media and the independence of regulatory bodies. Although the legal solutions were executed satisfactorily, their application was marked by inconsistency and simulation. This trend leads to the poor position of the media, and represents a threat to independence of regulatory bodies and human rights and freedoms in general, which is stated in numerous reports of international institutions.
Govor o pravu na privatnost osobito je aktualan u suvremeno, digitalno doba. Brojni su primjeri kršenja prava na privatnost. Iako se ono izravno tiče zaštite unutarnjeg područja ljudske osobe, ...njegove savjesti, privatnog i obiteljskog života, zapravo dotiče mnoga društvena područja. U kontekstu govora o pravu na privatnost veoma je važna uloga medija. Djelovanje medija usmjereno je na javnu sferu, tiče se prava na informaciju, a pravo na privatnost na osobnu sferu. Stoga su često oprečne zakonske regulative jednog i drugog dobra. Kad su subjekti prava na privatnost pacijenti, problem se dodatno komplicira jer u nekim slučajevima zaštita zdravlja poprima karakter pitanja od općeg interesa. To se osobito očitovalo u medijskom izvješćivanju o pandemiji COVID-a 19. Rad želi istražiti što o pravu na privatnost govore crkveni nauk i pozitivni zakoni Republike Hrvatske te posebno razmotriti pacijente kao subjekte tog prava u medijskom diskursu. Cilj je dati neke odgovore na pitanja kao što su: Je li javni interes znati iznad dostojanstva pacijenata? Kada i zašto je važno ne iznositi dijagnozu pacijenata? Tko ima koristi od neetičkih i bioetički neopreznih izvještavanja? Krajnja svrha rada je senzibilizirati medije kad je riječ o iznošenju činjenica o zdravstvenim stanjima osobe, vodeći se pozitivnim građanskim zakonima, načelima crkvenoga nauka i odredbama iz kanonskopravnog područja. Nakana rada nije pravno procijeniti pojedine slučajeve, već općim prikazom otvoriti pitanja i spriječiti negativne posljedice pogrešnog pristupa i neosjetljivosti za problematiku koja je predmet ovog rada.
The speech about examples of violation in the context of discussion of the right to privacy is especially relevant in the modern, digital age. Although it directly concerns the protection of the inner area of the human person, his conscience, private and family life, it actually affects many areas of society. In the context of talking about the right to privacy, the role of the media is very important. The activities of the media are focused on the public sphere, they concern the right to information, and the right to privacy to the personal. Therefore, the legal regulations of both goods are often in conflict. When subjects are entitled to patients' privacy, the problem is further complicated by the fact that in some cases health care takes on the character of an issue of general interest. This was especially evident in the media coverage of the COVID 19 pandemic. Does it aim to provide some answers to questions such as: Is it in the public interest to know above the dignity of patients? When and why is it important not to diagnose patients? Who benefits from unethical and bioethical careless reporting? The ultimate purpose of the paper is to sensitize the media when it comes to presenting facts about a person's health condition, guided by positive civil laws, principles of church doctrine and provisions in the canon law area. The intention of the paper is not to properly assess individual cases, but to open questions with a general overview and prevent the negative consequences of the wrong approach and insensitivity to the issues that are the subject of this paper.
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Biotehnologija, genetički inženjering, transgeni ili genetički modificirani organizmi (GMO) izazivaju brojne kontroverze širom zemljine kugle u posljednjih dvadesetak godina. Znanstvene studije o ...produkciji i upotrebi GMO-a, premda nemaju jednoznačan aksiološki predznak niti nude simplificirane odgovore na iskazane dileme, pokazuju da GM hrana donosi mogući rizik po ljudsko zdravlje, štetan utjecaj na okruženje i generalno pogoršanje kvalitete poljoprivrednih kultura. Ovome treba dodati i klasična bioetička pitanja u vezi s potencijalno nenadoknadivom štetom koju sadašnjoj, ali i budućim generacijama, može donijeti na ovakav način izmijenjeno biološko nasljeđe. Implementacija ove, kako je njeni pobornici nazivaju, najbrže usvojene biljne tehnologije u modernoj historiji čovječanstva, ugrožava, sa socijalne strane gledano, tradicionalnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i produbljuje i onako veliku društvenu nejednakosti između bogatih i siromašnih farmera. Evidentne su, također, intervencije velikih država i biotehnoloških kompanija prilikom donošenja ili korigiranja odgovarajućih zakona i uredbi o GMO-u, koje, iako deklarativno naglašavaju opće potrebe i zajedničku dobrobit, ustvari (ne)vješto prikrivaju vlastite partikularne interese. Analize mnogih znanstvenika i bioetičara, konačno, pokazuju da teza da će „genska revolucija” riješiti problem gladi u svijetu jednostavno nije dokazana u protekla dva desetljeća.
Biotechnology, genetic engineering, transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have caused numerous controversies around the globe over the last twenty years. Scientific studies on the production and use of GMOs, although they do not have a uniform axiological sign nor offer simplified answers to expressed dilemmas, show that GM food poses a potential risk to human health, detrimental environmental impact, and general deterioration in the quality of agricultural crops. Classical bioethical questions regarding the potentially irreversible damage the biological heritage altered in this way can bring to the present, but also future generations should be added to this. The implementation of this, as its supporters call it, fastest-adopted plant technology in the modern history of humankind threatens, from the social aspect, traditional agricultural production and deepens the already great social inequalities between rich and poor farmers. There are also apparent interventions by large states and biotechnological companies when adopting or correcting appropriate laws and regulations on GMOs, which, although declaratively emphasizing general needs and the common good, in fact (un)skilfully conceal their own particular interests. Analyses made by many scientists and bioethicists, finally, show that the thesis that a “gene revolution” will resolve the problem of hunger in the world was not justified in the previous two decades.
V članku je obravnavan zakon o podelitvi mestnih pravic flavijskemu municipiju Irni (t.i. lex Irnitana) v današnji španski provinci Sevilli. Besedilo poznamo po zaslugi šestih bronastih plošč ...odkritih leta 1981 na lokaciji antičnega mesta, deli drugih dveh mestnih pravic Salpenze in Malake, ki se deloma prekrivajo z ohranjenimi poglavji lex Irnitana, pa kažejo, da vse tri sledijo istemu krovnemu zakonu iz obdobja flavijskih cesarjev. Po zaslugi navedenih kopij poznamo približno tri četrtine celotnega besedila, oz. 73 od 97 poglavij. Besedilo posameznih poglavij zakona govori o magistraturah, volitvah, mestnem svetu, ki je štel v Irni 63 članov, upravnih in finančnih zadevah, sodstvu, izbiri sodnikov v civilnih procesih idr. Sodstvo je veljalo za pravi kriterij mestne avtonomije in kot tako zavzema z poglavji od 84 do 92 več prostora kot katerokoli drugo področje.
An important subject of bioethical and legal considerations is the relations and manifestations of what happens in current biomedical practice regarding the practice of activities and the provision ...of health care services. This is particularly important when it comes to disagreements, collisions, and conflicting rules, the ethical and legal origins of different norms, and medical decision making. An appropriate analytical and methodological approach through interpretation and comparison is needed to uncover shortcomings that often remain on the surface, invisible, due to the lack of dialogue. This paper aims to shed light on the fundamentals of bioethical principles on the one hand and the legal-logical system of norms in biomedicine on the other. The conclusion emphasises the elimination of the contradictory elements of the relationship and the affirmation of helpful and complementary aspects with the opening of parallel perspectives and intersections in the service of promoting the legality of the work, the development of good medical practice and respect for human rights in the field of health.
Avtorica se v članku ukvarja z ameriškimi potniškimi in migracijskimi zakoni iz let 1893, 1903 in 1907, katerih namen je bil upravljanje priseljevanja v ZDA. Prizadevanja za omejevanje priseljevanja ...predstavlja na podlagi kriterijev o koristnosti oziroma potencialni nevarnosti priseljencev. Pokaže, da podatki, navedeni na seznamih ladijskih potnikov, niso bili vedno verodostojni, želja tako izseljencev kot ladijskih družb po vstopu v ZDA je bila namreč močnejša od strahu pred zavrnitvijo.
The organisation of the new government in the immediate aftermath of the war in Croatia encompassed and largely relied on the formation and development of judicial institutions and the accompanying ...legal regulations. This paper analyses the circumstances and conditions in which the judicial system was established and the tasks set before the post-war judiciary. It was essential to review how the regulations were standardised and how regular (circuit and district) courts and short-lived ‘special’ courts, whose consequences were far-reaching, operated. It is important to highlight the significance of public prosecutors in Croatia. Through analysing archival sources and the available literature, an attempt was made to determine the extent that the legal vacuum that appeared after the severance of all ties with the pre-war laws made it easier to implement the new system, which sought to secure not only its own legality, but also the legitimacy of its authority.
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