The vegetation of low-altitude dry heathlands in Central Europe (Euphorbio cyparissiae-Callunion vulgaris) has declined because the abandonment of traditional management has resulted in gradual ...overgrowth by woody species and because nutrient inputs have changed. Low-intensity grazing and sod-cutting, which are traditionally recommended to regenerate heather (Calluna vulgaris) vegetation from the seed bank, were introduced to restore stands of heather that had disappeared. The study was conducted in the Zlatnice Nature Reserve, located in the northwestern part of Prague (Czech Republic). A system of 1 m2 permanent plots was used to collect the data. Both grazing and sod-cutting were effective for the restoration of the Calluna vulgaris vegetation. During the two years after the introduction of grazing, the greatest increase in the heather cover occurred in the grazed areas. The heather cover in the areas managed by sod-cutting started to increase significantly in the third year following the removal of sods and reached values comparable with the grazed areas. Regular grazing hindered the increase in the cover of herbs; the increase in the herb cover was higher after single sodcutting. Sod-cutting facilitated the expansion of mosses. The experiment suggests that non-intensive sheep and goat grazing is most likely the most appropriate tool to restore dry heathland on shallow poor soils when more than 20 years have elapsed since the disappearance of the heathland. The use of sod-cutting itself is more demanding and brings a higher risk of overgrowth by unwanted herbs and woody species, resulting in repeated degradation of the Calluna vulgaris vegetation.
Vegetacija nižinskih suhih vresav v srednji Evropi (Euphorbio cyparissiae-Callunion vulgaris) je v upadanju zaradi opuščanja tradicionalnega gospodarjenja in to se kaže v postopnem zaraščanju z lesnatimi rastlinami in spremenjenem vnosu hranil. Za obnovitev sestojev z vreso, ki so izginili, smo uporabili pašo z nizko intenzivnostjo in košnjo, ki sta tradicionalno priporočena načina za obnavljanje vegetacije z vreso (Calluna vulgaris) iz semenske banke. Raziskavo smo opravili v naravnem rezervatu Zlatnice, ki se nahaja v severozahodnem delu Prage (Češka republika). Vzpostavili smo sistem stalnih 1 m2 ploskev. Za obnovitev vegetacije z vrsto Calluna vulgaris sta bila uspešna tako paša kot košnja. Pokrovnost vrese se je povečala dve leti po začetku poskusa s pašo, na površinah s košnjo pa se je značilno povečala tretje leto in vrednosti so bile primerljive s pašenimi površinami. Redna paša je ovirala povečanje pokrovnosti zelišč, medtem ko se je njihova pokrovnost povečala po posamezni košnji. Košnja je tudi vplivala na povečanje pokrovnosti mahov. Poizkus je pokazal, da je slabo intenzivna paša ovac in koz verjetno najbolj primeren način obnove suhih vresav na plitvih, s hranili revnih tleh, po več kot 20 let od uničenja vresave. Košnja je bolj zahtevna, pojavlja pa se tudi možnost razraščanja nezaželjenih zelišč in lesnatih rastlin, kar zopet vodi v degradacijo vegetacije z vrsto Calluna vulgaris.
Abstract
Agriculture has a great impact on biodiversity in Europe. Populations of farmland birds are declining due to both intensification and abandonment of agriculture. The purpose of this study ...was to determine the effects of overgrowing on the diversity of birds at Cerknica Polje. Six vegetation types were identified on eight survey plots (15.2-31.6 ha each): Short grass - regularly mown wet meadows; Tall herbs - stands of Common Reed Phragmites australis and Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea; Sparse bushes - stands of low woody plants; Dense bushes - dense stands of bushes; Meadows with trees - mown meadows with scattered trees; Bushes with trees - hedges, trees and dense stands of bushes. In total, 34 species were registered. The heterogeneity of vegetation types correlated positively with the heterogeneity of bird species. The highest density of breeding territories and species was established in Bushes with trees, the lowest in Short grass. No species were registered in all vegetation types, and only Tree Pipit was recorded in five out of six types. Twelve species were registered in only one vegetation type. Cerknica Polje is an important breeding locality for species with the highest breeding density at the national level (e.g. Corncrake Crex crex, Curlew Numenius arquata, Skylark Alauda arvensis, Whinchat Saxicola rubetra, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus). These species breed in specific habitats with different stages of succession. A managing plan for the area should therefore combine abandoned plots in different stages of succession and large regularly mown areas. Abandonment of agriculture at Cerknica Polje has led to the emergence of areas with bushes in different succession stages. Efforts should be directed at preserving large complexes of mown wet meadows.
Naselje Dvori leži v neposredni bližini slovensko-hrvaške meje, nad mejnim prehodom Sočerga in hrvaškim naseljem Mlini. Bližnje oskrbno naselje je 12 km oddaljeno Gračišče, kjer so osnovna šola, ...ambulanta, krajevni urad, pošta, bencinski servis, dve trgovini in gostilna. Cestna povezava poteka od Gračišča skozi naselji Smokvica in Movraž, nekdanja povezava z Mlini je zaradi državne meje prekinjena, do železniške postaje Rakitovec (železniški mejni prehod na progi proti Puli) pa vodi strma makedamska cesta. Od Kopra so Dvori oddaljeni več kot 20 km, zato so bili v preteklosti bolj povezani z bližjim Buzetom. Razmere so se v marsičem spremenile, kar pa ni le posledica nastanka meje, ampak predvsem socialnih sprememb. Nekdaj je bilo kmetijstvo, kljub manj ugodnim pogojem, glavni vir dohodka prebivalcev, danes pa obsežne pašne površine in senožeti prerašča gospodarsko nepomemben gozd. Za naselje je poleg stalnega upadanja števila prebivalcev značilna tudi prevlada ostarelih gospodinjstev, ki so brez naslednikov. Nastanek državne meje in s tem obmejna lega za življenje prebivalcev nista imela večjih negativnih posledic. Prekomejno lastništvo se tu pojavlja v zelo majhnem obsegu in zadeva le hrvaške prebivalce, zaposlovanje na hrvaški strani meje je bilo izjema že pred letom 1991, sorodstvene vezi pa so se kljub nastanku meje ohranile.
V zadnjem desetletju po osamosvojitvi Slovenije in s postopnim vključevanjem v druž-beno-gospodarski sistem Evropske se spreminja sestava aktivnega prebivalstva, upada število zaposlenih, povečuje se ...število zaposlenih v kvartarnih in zlasti v terciarnih dejavnostih, močno pa naraščata število dijakov in študentov, ter delež nezaposlenih. Sledimo hitremu ogozdovanju ter socialnemu prelogu tudi na površinah, ki bi bile pri-merne za kmetijsko izrabo.
Pretežno gozdnato območje občine Loški Potok je ob prehodu v tržnogospodarstvo in ob osamosvojitvi Slovenije precej prizadel propad večineindustrijskih obratov. Odmaknjenost območja je še dodatno ...poglobila prob-lematiko pomanjkanja delovnih mest. V članku so podani nekateri predlogiza omilitev posledic negativnih procesov ter konkretni predlogi za nadaljnirazvoj občine.
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