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Zhang, Jianting; Chen, Wuhui; Hong, Zicong; Xiao, Gang; Du, Linlin; Zheng, Zibin
IEEE transactions on computers 73, Issue: 5Journal Article
Sharding is a promising solution to enhance the scalability of blockchain. However, previous sharding systems adopt the lock-based cross-shard protocol to exclusively handle one-shot cross-shard transactions, leading to low-efficiency executions and unavailable calls when handling complex cross-shard contracts that introduce multi-shot cross-shard transactions to invoke multiple contracts managed by different shards. In this paper, we aim to enable efficient execution of arbitrarily complex cross-shard contracts in blockchain sharding systems. First, we perform a calling-flow analysis on Ethereum contracts with more than 180 million real-world transactions and find that about <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">30\%</tex-math> <mml:math><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="zhang-ieq1-3365929.gif"/> </inline-formula> transactions invoke complex contracts. Then, motivated by the properties of these complex contracts, we propose an off-chain execution model, called ShardCon, to achieve efficient executions for complex cross-shard contracts by decoupling the contract execution from the cross-shard consensus. Next, we introduce a cross-shard contract execution engine and a contract-driven deployment rule to the overheads introduced by off-chain executions. Moreover, to adapt to the multi-chain property of a sharding system, we introduce an off-chain state atomic commit protocol. Finally, we implement a prototype and evaluate it with concrete cross-shard contracts, showing that ShardCon can achieve more than 10x increase in throughput and 2x decrease in confirmation latency than the state-of-the-art sharding systems.
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