Vehicles generally move smoothly and with high speeds on elevated roads, thereby producing specific traffic-related carbon emissions in contrast to ground roads. Hence, a portable emission measurement system was adopted to determine traffic-related carbon emissions. The on-road measurement results revealed that the instantaneous emissions of CO2 and CO from elevated vehicles were 17.8% and 21.9% higher than those from ground vehicles, respectively. Based on it, the vehicle specific power was confirmed to exhibit a positive exponential relationship with instantaneous CO2 and CO emissions. In addition to carbon emissions, carbon concentrations on roads were simultaneously measured. The average CO2 and CO emissions on elevated roads in urban areas were 1.2% and 6.9% higher than those on ground roads, individually. Finally, a numerical simulation was performed, and the results verified that elevated roads could deteriorate the air quality on ground roads but improve the air quality above them. What ought to be paid attention to is that the elevated roads present varied traffic behaviour and cause particular carbon emissions, indicating that comprehensive consideration and further balance among the traffic-related carbon emissions are necessary when building elevated roads to alleviate the traffic congestion in urban areas. •Vehicles exhaust CO2 and CO on elevated roads were 17.8% and 21.9% higher than those on ground roads.•The instantaneous CO2 and CO emissions increase exponentially as VSP enhance.•CO2 and CO concentrations on elevated road are 1.2% and 6.9% higher than that on ground road.