Mercury (Hg) is a toxic and persistent pollutant and has long-term impacts on ecological systems and human health. Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) are the main source of anthropogenic Hg emission, and the emitted atmospheric Hg is deposited to the surrounding environments which causes soil pollution. To assess the effects of atmospheric Hg from CFPPs in China on the temperate steppe, Hg contents in the topsoil and subsoil were analyzed for samples collected from 80 sites in central Inner Mongolia during 2012–2015. The average content of Hg in topsoil and subsoil were 14.9 ± 10.4 μg kg−1 and 8.9 ± 5.8 μg kg−1, respectively. The principal components analysis (PCA) indicated that the soil organic matter content and atmospheric deposition were the main factors determining soil Hg content in Inner Mongolia. We used the power plant impact factor (PPIF) to evaluate the impacts of the surrounding CFPPs. The PPIF results showed the most positive correlation with Hg content in topsoil at more than 400 km distances, indicating that the contribution of the long-range transport of Hg emitted from CFPPs is regional in scale. Considering the potential of Hg accumulation in soil, long-term and regional measurements of soil Hg and stricter emission-limit standards for power plants should be implemented to control soil Hg pollution in China. Display omitted •Background mercury contents in topsoil (14.9 ± 10.4 μg kg−1) and subsoil (8.9 ± 5.8 μg kg−1) of temperate steppe were measured.•TOC was the main factor influencing the original soil Hg content while atmospheric deposition increased the Hg in topsoil.•The power plant impact factor provided quick assessment for the impact of coal fired power plants on soil Hg pollution. A soil mercury measurement and a semi-quantified model was conducted to investigate the influence of atmospheric deposition on grassland soil Hg in Chinas.