Introduction Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is associated with a high fracture risk. Practice guidelines by the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research in 2014 recommend bone densitometry and appropriate treatment to reduce this risk. The study objectives were to describe characteristics of GIOP patients in Japan and to evaluate their management in a subgroup of patients without comorbid cancer. Materials and methods This retrospective cohort study was performed using the Medical Data Vision (MDV) database from Japan. Adult patients initiating oral glucocorticoid treatment with a total GIOP risk score ≥ 3, based on the 2014 practice guideline, identified between 2009 and 2019 were eligible. A subgroup of patients without any cancer diagnosis was also identified. Data were extracted on demographics, concurrent medical conditions, use of bone densitometry, and osteoporosis treatment. Results 25,569 patients were eligible, of whom 12,227 had a confirmed cancer diagnosis. Mean age was 68.5 years and 12,356 patients (48.3%) were women. Concurrent medical conditions of interest were documented in 14,887 patients, most frequently rheumatoid arthritis ( n  = 4185) and asthma ( n  = 3085). Yearly bone densitometry was performed in 6.5% ( n  = 865) of the cancer-free subgroup; 51.8% ( n  = 6905) were prescribed an osteoporosis treatment, most frequently bisphosphonates ( n  = 5132; 74.3%). Between 2011 and 2018, rates of densitometry were stable, whereas prescription rates increased from 40.0 to 51.8%. Conclusion In spite of publication of guidelines for GIOP management, there is an important treatment gap in their application in everyday practice. For this reason, public health measures to increase physician awareness of GIOP are needed.