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Li, Wen; He, Pengcheng; Huang, Yuge; Li, Yi-Fang; Lu, Jiahong; Li, Min; Kurihara, Hiroshi; Luo, Zhuo; Meng, Tian; Onishi, Mashun; Ma, Changle; Jiang, Lei; Hu, Yongquan; Gong, Qing; Zhu, Dongxing; Xu, Yiming; Liu, Rong; Liu, Lei; Yi, Cong; Zhu, Yushan; Ma, Ningfang; Okamoto, Koji; Xie, Zhiping; Liu, Jinbao; He, Rong-Rong; Feng, Du
Theranostics, 01/2021, Volume: 11, Issue: 1Journal Article
Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy) is a highly conserved physiological process that degrades over-abundant or damaged organelles, large protein aggregates and invading pathogens via the lysosomal system (the vacuole in plants and yeast). Autophagy is generally induced by stress, such as oxygen-, energy- or amino acid-deprivation, irradiation, drugs, . In addition to non-selective bulk degradation, autophagy also occurs in a selective manner, recycling specific organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, nuclei, proteasomes and lipid droplets (LDs). This capability makes selective autophagy a major process in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The dysfunction of selective autophagy is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), tumorigenesis, metabolic disorders, heart failure, . Considering the importance of selective autophagy in cell biology, we systemically review the recent advances in our understanding of this process and its regulatory mechanisms. We emphasize the 'cargo-ligand-receptor' model in selective autophagy for specific organelles or cellular components in yeast and mammals, with a focus on mitophagy and ER-phagy, which are finely described as types of selective autophagy. Additionally, we highlight unanswered questions in the field, helping readers focus on the research blind spots that need to be broken.
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