BACKGROUND Lung cancer and tuberculosis (TB) are two major public health problems. They can coexist or appear sequentially. In patients with TB, lung cancer risk is increased. However, vice versa is not crystal clear. In this study, we aimed to determine the development of TB in patients with resectabled non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a 2-year postoperative follow-up period. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study at three university hospitals. Patients who had NSCLC surgery between 2009 and 2013 were included and patient records were reviewed for the presence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation (NGI) in resected specimens. Demographic properties, tumor type, stage, location, type of surgery, tuberculosis history, and thorax CT findings were recorded. We searched for the development of tuberculosis within a 2-year period after surgery. RESULTS A total of 1027 patient cases were reviewed, of which 48 patients had NGI. The median age was 63 years. The most common type of cancer was squamous carcinoma; and lobectomy was the preferred operation (70.8%). Cancer involvement most commonly included the right lung (61.8%) and upper lobes (47,9%). Only 11 patients had anti-TB treatment postoperatively, which was based on radiological findings. Prior tuberculosis or anti-TB history, type, stage or localization of cancer, and adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy were not found to be related to TB treatment. None of the study population had TB during the two-year follow-up period. Treatment decisions appeared mostly related to physician experience. There was no difference in the risk of developing TB between patients with or without treatment. This finding may change the management of our patients. CONCLUSIONS Every NGI discovered in NSCLC resected material does not always require anti-TB treatment.