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GarcÃa-Mayoral, Ãlvaro
Política y sociedad (Madrid, Spain), 01/2024, Volume: 61, Issue: 1Journal Article
El cambio polÃtico que se produjo en Venezuela al calor de la Revolución Bolivariana trajo consigo una modificación en la correlación de fuerzas y en la forma en la que se configuraban las élites del paÃs, surgiendo nuevos grupos de poder que alteraron la estructura del estado, entrando en conflicto directo con las corporaciones hegemónicas del periodo polÃtico anterior. Por medio de la Asamblea Constituyente y de la mano de toda una operación institucional, el chavismo consiguió debilitar a los partidos polÃticos del bipartidismo elitista para posteriormente impulsar el crecimiento de empresas y corporaciones que presentaran una lÃnea de acción acorde al proyecto bolivariano. Desde una retórica populista de carácter antagónico, Chávez fue capaz de construir un sujeto pueblo que se contraponÃa al proyecto de las élites, asumiendo asà los riesgos propios de este tipo de discurso; la extrema polarización social y la tendencia hacia el hiperliderazgo personalista. El trabajo pretende realizar una revisión de las estructuras tradicionales de la democracia previa al chavismo, y de qué manera se pretendieron articulan unas nuevas élites y movimientos sociales que tuvieron como objetivo construir una democracia protagónica que tomara distancia de las clásicas estructuras liberales. Palabras clave:Venezuela; chavismo; élites; populismo; estado; América Latina; Revolución Bolivariana. The political change that took place in Venezuela in the heat of the Bolivarian Revolution brought with it a modification in the correlation of forces and in the way in which the country's elites were configured, with the emergence of new power groups that modified the structure of the state, entering into direct conflict with the hegemonic corporations of the previous political period. Through the Constituent Assembly and a whole institutional operation, chavism managed to weaken the political parties of the elitist bipartisanism and subsequently promote the growth of companies and corporations that presented a line of action in line with the Bolivarian project. From a populist rhetoric of an antagonistic nature, Chávez was able to construct a -subject people- that opposed the project of the elites, thus assuming the risks inherent to this type of discourse: extreme social polarisation and the tendency towards hyper-personalist leadership. Nevertheless, the first years of his mandate were marked by economic development focused on the reduction of poverty and inequality, and the will to dynamise a national economy outside the interests of big capital and in favour of the social majorities left unprotected by the previous regime. Keywords:Venezuela; chavism; elites; populism; state; Latin America, Bolivarian Revolution.
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