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Forrest, Ben; Tran, Kim-Vy H.; Broussard, Adam; Cohn, Jonathan H.; Kennicutt, Jr, Robert C.; Papovich, Casey; Allen, Rebecca; Cowley, Michael; Glazebrook, Karl; Kacprzak, Glenn G.; Kawinwanichakij, Lalitwadee; Nanayakkara, Themiya; Salmon, Brett; Spitler, Lee R.; Straatman, Caroline M. S.
Astrophysical journal/The Astrophysical journal, 08/2018, Volume: 863, Issue: 2Journal Article
Abstract We investigate the properties of galaxies as they shut off star formation over the 4 billion years surrounding peak cosmic star formation. To do this, we categorize ∼7000 galaxies from 1 < z < 4 into 90 groups based on the shape of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and build composite SEDs with R ∼ 50 resolution. These composite SEDs show a variety of spectral shapes and also show trends in parameters such as color, mass, star formation rate, and emission-line equivalent width. Using emission-line equivalent widths and strength of the 4000 Å break, , we categorize the composite SEDs into five classes: extreme emission line, star-forming, transitioning, post-starburst, and quiescent galaxies. The transitioning population of galaxies shows modest H α emission (EW REST ∼ 40 Å) compared to more typical star-forming composite SEDs at log 10 ( M / M ⊙ ) ∼ 10.5 (EW REST ∼ 80 Å). Together with their smaller sizes (3 kpc vs. 4 kpc) and higher Sérsic indices (2.7 vs. 1.5), this indicates that morphological changes initiate before the cessation of star formation. The transitional group shows a strong increase of over 1 dex in number density from z ∼ 3 to z ∼ 1, similar to the growth in the quiescent population, while post-starburst galaxies become rarer at z ≲ 1.5. We calculate average quenching timescales of 1.6 Gyr at z ∼ 1.5 and 0.9 Gyr at z ∼ 2.5 and conclude that a fast-quenching mechanism producing post-starbursts dominated the quenching of galaxies at early times, while a slower process has become more common since z ∼ 2.
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