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  • Long-rising Type II Superno...
    Sit, Tawny; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Tzanidakis, Anastasios; De, Kishalay; Fremling, Christoffer; Sollerman, Jesper; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Miller, Adam A.; Adams, Scott; Aloisi, Robert; Andreoni, Igor; Chu, Matthew; Cook, David; Das, Kaustav Kashyap; Dugas, Alison; Groom, Steven L.; Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Karambelkar, Viraj; Neill, James D.; Masci, Frank J.; Medford, Michael S.; Purdum, Josiah; Sharma, Yashvi; Smith, Roger; Stein, Robert; Yan, Lin; Yao, Yuhan; Zhang, Chaoran

    Astrophysical journal/˜The œAstrophysical journal, 12/2023, Volume: 959, Issue: 2
    Journal Article

    Abstract SN 1987A was an unusual hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernova originating from a blue supergiant star. Similar blue supergiant explosions remain a small family of events, and are broadly characterized by their long rises to peak. The Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe (CLU) experiment aims to construct a spectroscopically complete sample of transients occurring in galaxies from the CLU galaxy catalog. We identify 13 long-rising (>40 days) Type II supernovae from the volume-limited CLU experiment during a 3.5 yr period from 2018 June to 2021 December, approximately doubling the previously known number of these events. We present photometric and spectroscopic data of these 13 events, finding peak r -band absolute magnitudes ranging from −15.6 to −17.5 mag and the tentative detection of Ba ii lines in nine events. Using our CLU sample of events, we derive a long-rising Type II supernova rate of 1.37 − 0.30 + 0.26 × 10 − 6 Mpc −3 yr −1 , ≈1.4% of the total core-collapse supernova rate. This is the first volumetric rate of these events estimated from a large, systematic, volume-limited experiment.