•The number of hemodialysis (HD) patients with malignancies continues to grow.•Evidence of chemotherapy for lung cancer patients on HD remains insufficient.•The benefits of chemotherapy are significant in patients with SCLC and EGFR-mutant NSCLC.•A commonly observed adverse event was controllable myelosuppression.•Appropriate patient selection and optimal dosage should be considered. Malignant tumors are the major cause of death in hemodialysis patients. Management of these patients remains challenging as there is no evidence that chemotherapy is beneficial, and a lack of information about actual clinical practice. This multicenter retrospective study included hemodialysis patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer from January 2002 to June 2018. We reviewed their clinical information including patient characteristics associated with lung cancer and end-stage renal disease, regimen, efficacy and safety of chemotherapy, and outcomes. A total of 162 patients from 22 institutions in Japan were registered. Of 158 eligible patients, 91 received chemotherapy (80 as palliative chemotherapy and 11 as chemoradiotherapy) and 67 received best supportive care only regardless of cancer stage. In small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received cytotoxic chemotherapy, the objective response rates (ORR) and median overall survival (OS) were 68.1 %, 12.3 months and 37.0 %, 8.5 months, respectively. The ORR and median OS in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) were 44.4 % and 38.6 months. The treatment-related adverse events (Grade 3 or higher) induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy were myelosuppression and febrile neutropenia; treatment-related death (TRD) was observed in one patient. TRD occurred in 3 of 18 patients who received EGFR-TKI. Chemotherapy should be considered for hemodialysis patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and SCLC. However, the survival benefits of chemotherapy for NSCLC patients with EGFR-wild type are unclear; physicians should carefully consider whether to offer chemotherapy to this patient subset.