It had been shown that lentinan (LNT) was mainly distributed in the liver after intravenous administration. The study aimed to investigate the integrated metabolic processes and mechanisms of LNT in the liver, as these have not been thoroughly explored. In current work, 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl amino) fluorescein and cyanine 7 were used to label LNT for tracking its metabolic behavior and mechanisms. Near-infrared imaging demonstrated that LNT was captured mainly by the liver. Kupffer cell (KC) depletion reduced LNT liver localization and degradation in BALB/c mice. Moreover, experiments with Dectin-1 siRNA and Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway inhibitors showed that LNT was mainly taken up by KCs via the Dectin-1/Syk pathway and promoted lysosomal maturation in KCs via this same pathway, which in turn promoted LNT degradation. These empirical findings offer novel insights into the metabolism of LNT in vivo and in vitro, which will facilitate the further application of LNT and other β-glucans. Display omitted •A novel capsule polysaccharide (CPS-605) is obtained from Lactobacillus plantarum LCC-605.•AM is successfully conjugated with CPS-605 to generate CPS-AM NPs.•CPS-AM NPs significantly reduce the working concentration of amikacin.•CPS-AM NPs exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative strains.•CPS-AM NPs show great biofilm inhibition and disruption abilities.