Short telomere syndromes manifest as familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; they are the most common premature aging disorders. We used genome-wide linkage to identify heterozygous loss of function of , a zinc-knuckle containing protein, as a cause of autosomal dominant pulmonary fibrosis. ZCCHC8 associated with and was required for telomerase function. In ZCCHC8 knockout cells and in mutation carriers, genomically extended telomerase RNA ( ) accumulated at the expense of mature , consistent with a role for ZCCHC8 in mediating 3' end targeting to the nuclear RNA exosome. We generated -null mice and found that heterozygotes, similar to human mutation carriers, had insufficiency but an otherwise preserved transcriptome. In contrast, mice developed progressive and fatal neurodevelopmental pathology with features of a ciliopathy. The brain transcriptome was highly dysregulated, showing accumulation and 3' end misprocessing of other low-abundance RNAs, including those encoding cilia components as well as the intronless replication-dependent histones. Our data identify a novel cause of human short telomere syndromes-familial pulmonary fibrosis and uncover nuclear exosome targeting as an essential 3' end maturation mechanism that vertebrate shares with replication-dependent histones.