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  • AFM macro-probes to investi...
    Zanetti, Michele; Andolfi, Laura; Taylor, Matthew R.G.; Mestroni, Luisa; Lazzarino, Marco

    Micro and Nano Engineering, June 2022, 2022-06-00, 2022-06-01, Volume: 15
    Journal Article

    In its many applications, the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a promising tool in cardiac mechanobiology because it can unravel the viscoelastic and mechano-dynamic properties of individual cardiomyocytes. However, the biophysical investigation of more accurate 3D models is hampered by commercial probes, which typically operate at the cell sub-compartmental resolution. We have previously shown how flat macro-probes can overcome these limitations by extending the AFM mechanical measurements to multicellular aggregates. Such macro-probes are fabricated by standard micromachining and carry a flat polymeric wedge to offset the AFM mounting tilt. Therefore, the AFM is upgraded to a micro-parallel plate rheometer with unmatched force range and sensitivity. In this article, we show how these macro-probes can be applied to reveal the global rheology of primary cardiomyocytes spheroids, by performing stress-relaxation tests. More importantly, we demonstrate that these macro-probes can be used as passive sensors capable of monitoring the spheroid beating force and beating pattern, and to perform a “micro-CPR” on the spheroid itself. Display omitted •Cardiac mechanobiology has been succesfully studied at the single-cell level using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).•Commercial cantilevers can interrogate the sample at the single-cell level only, so we fabricate large and flat ones.•We can now disclose relevant information regarding the mechanical properties of whole 3D cardiac spheroids.•We perform stress-relaxation experiments, which give us an estimation of the spheroids' viscoelasticity.•By mechanically loading the spheroids with cyclic compressions, we stimulate their autonomous beating.