To estimate the association between psychosocial risk factors in the workplace and musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in nurses and aides. Systematic review and meta-analysis. An electronic search was performed using MEDLINE (Pubmed), Psychinfo, Web of Science, Tripdatabase, Cochrane Central Controlled Trials, NIOSHTIC and Joanna Briggs Institute of Systematic Reviews on Nursing and Midwifery, to identify observational studies assessing the role of psychosocial risk factors on MSD in hospital nurses and nursing aides. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and extracted data. Quality assessment was conducted independently by two reviewers using an adapted version of the Standardized Quality Scale. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed by subsets based on specific anatomical site and the exposure to specific psychosocial risk factors. Heterogeneity for each subset of meta-analysis was assessed and meta-regressions were conducted to examine the source of heterogeneity among studies. Twenty-four articles were included in the review, seventeen of which were selected for meta-analysis. An association was identified between high psychosocial demands–low job control with prevalent and incident low back pain (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.22–1.99 and OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.14–2.01, respectively), prevalent shoulder pain (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.53–2.34), prevalent knee pain (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.07–4.54), and prevalent pain at any anatomical site (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.09–1.75). Effort-reward imbalance was associated with prevalent MSD at any anatomical site (OR 6.13; 95% CI 5.32–7.07) and low social support with incident back pain (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.43–2.32). Heterogeneity was generally low for most subsets of meta-analysis. This meta-analysis suggests that psychosocial risk factors at the workplace are associated with MSD in hospital nurses and nursing aides. Although most preventive strategies at the workplace are focused on ergonomic risk factors, improving the psychosocial work environment might have an impact on reducing MSDs.