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He, Miao; Sebaihia, Mohammed; Lawley, Trevor D; Stabler, Richard A; Dawson, Lisa F; Martin, Melissa J; Holt, Kathryn E; Seth-Smith, Helena M.B; Quail, Michael A; Rance, Richard; Brooks, Karen; Churcher, Carol; Harris, David; Bentley, Stephen D; Burrows, Christine; Clark, Louise; Corton, Craig; Murray, Vicky; Rose, Graham; Thurston, Scott; van Tonder, Andries; Walker, Danielle; Wren, Brendan W; Dougan, Gordon; Parkhill, Julian
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 04/2010, Volume: 107, Issue: 16Journal Article
Clostridium difficile has rapidly emerged as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the transcontinental spread of various PCR ribotypes, including 001, 017, 027 and 078. However, the genetic basis for the emergence of C. difficile as a human pathogen is unclear. Whole genome sequencing was used to analyze genetic variation and virulence of a diverse collection of thirty C. difficile isolates, to determine both macro and microevolution of the species. Horizontal gene transfer and large-scale recombination of core genes has shaped the C. difficile genome over both short and long time scales. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates C. difficile is a genetically diverse species, which has evolved within the last 1.1–85 million years. By contrast, the disease-causing isolates have arisen from multiple lineages, suggesting that virulence evolved independently in the highly epidemic lineages.
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