•Laser-induced cavitation bubble dynamics near a rigid surface were numerically studied using a three-dimensional fully compressible model.•Bubble dynamics under the various standoff were discussed in detail based on pressure field and velocity field.•Violent high-speed jet impact with extremely hot internal bubble temperature were well captured and analyzed.•Critical standoffs for wall impact pressure and the maximum bubble temperature based on the shape of the microjet were suggested. Cavitation bubble dynamics include the releasing shock wave, violent jet impact, and extremely local high temperature at the collapse phase. Notably, in the case of a bubble collapsing near a rigid boundary, a high-velocity microjet toward structure is an important issue and significantly related to various engineering fields. A fully compressible mixture model based on the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation was used for numerical simulation of laser-induced single bubble dynamics near a rigid surface. Beside, a preconditioned dual-time stepping method and high-resolution interface capturing scheme were coupled with the numerical model for the stability and high-accuracy of simulation. The numerical results were validated by comparing with experimental data and good agreements were achieved. In near-field bubble dynamics, length scale dimensionless parameter is strongly affecting its behavior. Thus, the aspect ratio, jet velocity, wall impact pressure, and peak temperature were discussed in detail based on bubble behavior under different standoffs. Finally, we suggested the critical standoff for wall impact pressure and the maximum temperature.