ABSTRACT Purpose The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program implemented active, population‐based surveillance for Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) following H1N1 vaccines in 10 states/metropolitan areas. We report additional analyses of these data using self‐controlled methods, which avoid potential confounding from person‐level factors and co‐morbidities. Methods Surveillance officers identified GBS cases with symptom onset during October 2009–April 2010 and ascertained receipt of H1N1 vaccines. We calculated self‐controlled relative risks by comparing the number of cases with onset during a risk interval 1–42 days after vaccination with cases with onset during fixed (days 43–84) or variable (days 43–end of study period) control intervals. We calculated attributable risks by applying statistically significant relative risks to an independent estimate of GBS incidence. Results Fifty‐nine GBS cases received H1N1 vaccine with or without seasonal vaccine. The relative risk was 2.1 (95%CI 1.2, 3.5) by the variable‐window and 3.0 (95%CI 1.4, 6.4) by the fixed‐window analyses. The corresponding attributable risks per million doses administered were 1.5 (95%CI 0.3, 3.4) and 2.8 (95%CI 0.6, 7.4). Conclusions These attributable risks are similar to those of some previous formulations of seasonal influenza vaccine (about one to two cases per million doses administered), suggesting a low risk of GBS following the H1N1 vaccine that is not clearly higher than that of seasonal influenza vaccines. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.