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MUIRHEAD, Philip S; ASHER JOHNSON, John; HAMREN, Katherine; COVEY, Kevin R; CREPP, Justin R; STASSUN, Keivan G; PEPPER, Joshua; HEBB, Leslie; KIRBY, Evan N; HOWARD, Andrew W; ISAACSON, Howard T; MARCY, Geoffrey W; APPS, Kevin; LEVITAN, David; DIAZ-SANTOS, Tanio; ARMUS, Lee; LLOYD, James P; CARTER, Joshua A; MORTON, Timothy D; FABRYCKY, Daniel C; SEBASTIAN PINEDA, John; BOTTOM, Michael; ROJAS-AYALA, Bárbara; SCHLAWIN, Everett
Astrophysical journal/The Astrophysical journal, 03/2012, Volume: 747, Issue: 2Journal Article
We characterize the star KOI 961, an M dwarf with transit signals indicative of three short-period exoplanets discovered by the Kepler mission. We proceed by comparing KOI 961 to Barnard's Star, a nearby, well-characterized mid-M dwarf. We compare colors, optical and near-infrared spectra, and find remarkable agreement between the two, implying similar effective temperatures and metallicities. Both are metal-poor compared to the Solar neighborhood, have low projected rotational velocity, high absolute radial velocity, large proper motion, and no quiescent H alpha emission-all of which are consistent with being old M dwarfs. We combine empirical measurements of Barnard's Star and expectations from evolutionary isochrones to estimate KOI 961's mass (0.13 + or - 0.05 M), radius (0.17 + or - 0.04 R), and luminosity (2.40 x 10 super(-3.0 + or - 0.3) L). We calculate KOI 961's distance (38.7 + or - 6.3 pc) and space motions, which, like Barnard's Star, are consistent with a high scale-height population in the Milky Way. We perform an independent multi-transit fit to the public Kepler light curve and significantly revise the transit parameters for the three planets. We calculate the false-positive probability for each planet candidate, and find a less than 1% chance that any one of the transiting signals is due to a background or hierarchical eclipsing binary, validating the planetary nature of the transits. The best-fitting radii for all three planets are less than 1 R, with KOI 961.03 being Mars-sized (R sub(P) = 0.57 + or - 0.18 R), and they represent some of the smallest exoplanets detected to date.
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