Conventional parabolic trough solar receivers are widely used to harvest heat energy at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 550 °C. However, high temperatures cause excessive heat loss in solar receivers. Two types of novel solar receivers with an inner metal radiation shield (RS), one with solar selective absorbing coating on the outer surface and one without, were proposed and constructed to improve the thermal performance of solar receivers. Experiments were conducted in an enthalpy difference lab, and mathematical models with spectral radiant distributions were established to predict the thermal performance of the solar receivers. A comparison between the simulated and experimental results showed satisfactory consistencies. Predictions were obtained using the models with the root mean square deviation of less than 6%. The novel solar receiver without solar selective absorbing coating on the outer surface of the RS showed superior performance at absorber temperatures exceeding 550 °C. At the absorber temperature of 600 °C, the percentage of heat loss reduction of the receiver with solar selective absorbing coating and of that without reached 23.4% and 24.2%, respectively.