Intracellular organelles and calcium homeostasis in rods and cones
Szikra, T. ; Križaj, David
The role of intracellular organelles in Ca2+ homeostasis was studied in salamander rod and cone photoreceptors under conditions that simulate photoreceptor activation by darkness and light. Sustained ...depolarization evoked a Ca2+ gradient between the cell body and ellipsoid regions of the inner segment (IS). The standing pattern of calcium fluxes was created by interactions between the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria. Pharmacological experiments suggested that mitochondria modulateboth baseline šCa2+đi in hyperpolarized cells as well as kinetics of Ca2+ entry via L type Ca2+ channels in cell bodies and ellipsoids of depolarized rods and cones. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration byantimycin/oligomycin caused a three-fold reduction in the amount of Ca2+ accumulated into intracellular organelles in both cell bodies and ellipsoids. A further 50% decrease in intracellular Ca2+ content within cell bodies, but not ellipsoids, was observed after suppression of SERCA-mediated Ca2+ uptake into the ER. Inhibition of Ca2+ sequestration into the endoplasmic reticulum by thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid decreased the magnitude and kinetics of depolarization-evoked Ca2+ signals in cell bodies of rods and cones and decreased the amount of Ca2+ accumulated into internal stores. These results suggest that steady-state šCa2+đi in photoreceptors is regulated in a region-specific manner, with the ER contribution predominant in the cell body and mitochondrial buffering šCa2+đ the ellipsoid. Local šCa2+đi levels are setby interactions between the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels and transporters,ER and mitochondria. Mitochondria are likely to play an essentialrole in temporal and spatial buffering of photoreceptor Ca2+.
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