•Sorghum waxes showed good gelation properties for fish oil oleogels.•Fast cooling and ultrasonic treatment reduced the crystal size.•Fast cooling and ultrasound favored the oil-gelling capacity and ...reduced oil loss.•Sorghum wax oleogels increased the oxidative stability of fish oil.
Inspired by the potential opportunities offered by sorghum as a natural wax source, the objective of this study was to investigate for the first time the potential of three types of sorghum waxes, namely, sorghum bran wax (SBW), sorghum DDGS wax (SDW), and sorghum kernel wax (SKW), as an oleogelator. All the three sorghum waxes showed good gelation properties with minor differences. Fast cooling rate and ultrasonic treatment favored the oil-gelling capacity and reduced oil loss by reducing the crystal size. All sorghum wax oleogels exhibited two common x-ray diffraction peaks around d-value of 0.415 nm and 0.374 nm, suggesting the evidence of a hexagonal symmetry and β’ crystals. Faster cooling rate resulted in an earlier onset of crystallization and ultrasonic treatment narrowed the melting range. Oxidation of fish oil in the sorghum wax oleogels were delayed considerably compared to free fish oil, while SDW generated the most stable oleogels.
Hanging-wall deformation of the fault systems controlling the southern margin of the Gediz Graben were investigated separately within the Plio-Quaternary and Neogene (predominantly Miocene) deposits ...of the graben fill. Fault styles observed in both packages share many similarities in terms of geometry and comprise conjugate fault sets that show clustering of strike orientations predominantly around WNW–ESE but also SW–NE and NW–SE directions. The main difference between the two units is observable in terms of fault dips and rake of the slickenside lineations measured on the exposed fault planes. Both measurements show a uni-modal distribution for the Plio-Quaternary deposits but a tri-modal distribution for the Neogene deposits. This variation is probably related to the geometrical modification of the older faults by the process of domino style back-rotation in the hanging wall of higher order faults.
Similarities among the two units are not limited to geometrical aspects of the fault systems but also counts for the orientation of the principal stress axes that controlled the deformation during the deposition of each sedimentary package. Inversion of the fault-slip data showed that approximately N–S-oriented extension, which varies in the range of NNW–SSE and NNE–SSW, controlled the faulting during the accumulation of the entire graben fill, with almost no evidence of change in the state of stress during the graben evolution. However, some heterogeneity, in terms of stress field, is observable among the fault systems formed within the same time frame. This heterogeneity is probably related to poorly defined direction of extension in the graben. Indeed, low ϕ-ratio in the order of 0.25 suggests that (
σ
2) and (
σ
3) are close in magnitudes and the direction of extension is not well-constraint with a potential of (
σ
2)/(
σ
3) axes permutations. Local stress field anomalies related to fault segment interaction could also contribute to the observed heterogeneity.
The Gediz Graben is a continental extensional basin filled with Miocene to Recent sediments. The evolution of the graben can be expressed in terms of two phases: (i) Miocene half graben phase; and ...(ii) post-Miocene graben phase. The Miocene half graben phase was governed by the southern margin structure evolution of which significantly controlled the stratigraphic variability in the basin. Alluvial, fluvial and lacustrine systems developed in the graben as a function of distance to the southern margin. Thus, alluvial deposits with coarse-grained facies dominate the southern margin and grade into finer fractions of fluvial and/or lacustrine deposits to the north. This depositional architecture repeated three times during the Miocene and deposited Alaşehir, Çaltılık and Gediz formations. These formations depict distinct thickness and grain size decrease from south to north to emphasize the half-graben configuration for the favour of the southern margin. The post-Miocene graben phase started with the faulting of the northern margin. This resulted in relatively balanced partitioning of the subsidence between the two margins although the preceding asymmetry was inherited by the graben. Sediment influx became bipolar and alluvial fan systems developed along the both margins.
The cooling rate in molten metal gas atomization is the key determining factor for the microstructure of metal powders. Mathematical expressions for cooling rates often include the melt droplet ...diameter and a pre-exponential factor describing the materials and gas properties. A new mathematical cooling rate correlation for rapidly solidified melt droplets is proposed based on heat flow considerations during gas atomization. The model approach takes process conditions such as gas-to-melt mass flow ratio and the initial gas temperature into account. The mathematical formulation was experimentally developed using secondary dendrite arm spacing method. For this purpose, a Cu-6wt pct Sn alloy was atomized with close-coupled (CCA) and free-fall atomization (FFA). A novel approach was made to predict the pre-exponential factor that allows the transferability to other materials. Our correlation for the cooling rate and the pre-exponential factor was validated by experimental data from the literature. The novel correlation type is valid for two different atomizing systems (FFA and CCA), suggesting that it may be applicable to entirely different gas atomization systems.
ABSTRACT
The structural evolution of the Miocene to Recent Gediz Graben is intimately related to the evolution of its southern margin. This margin is shaped by a time‐transgressive, composite ...structure that possesses flat‐ramp geometry with three separate dip domains: a low‐angle shallow segment; a steeper middle segment; and a low‐angle deeper segment. This geometry was probably produced by one of two mechanisms, which operated perpendicular to the general trend of the graben, resulting in gradual back‐rotation followed by abandonment of the shallow segment as it was dissected by the high‐angle normal fault(s). The geometry of the southern margin structure is not simple along‐strike. It includes broad undulations and discrete fault segments, developed by large‐scale fault growth processes through segment linkage. The along‐strike growth of the southern margin‐bounding structure is responsible for the composite character of the Gediz Graben and controls the observed stratigraphic variability. Two sub‐basins aligned with the major segments of the southern graben margin structure have been investigated. The Salihli and Alaşehir sub‐basins comprising 3000 m sedimentary thickness are separated by an intervening basement high, that is covered by a thin veneer of post‐Miocene sediments. The two sub‐basins, which evolved as isolated basins during most of the graben history, amalgamated during post‐Miocene time to form the composite configuration of the graben. There is a general east to west trend of growth for the Gediz Graben.
Display omitted
•SC-CO2 extraction of Camelina seed oil was reported.•Oil yield of SC-CO2 extraction was higher than that of cold press.•Oil yield increased with pressure and time, but not ...temperature.•Camelina seed is a promising omega-3 oil source.
Camelina sativa seed is an underutilized oil source; however, it is a potential source of omega-3-rich oil. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is a desired green solvent for the extraction of omega-3 oils; however, there is no reported study on the SC-CO2 extraction of Camelina seed oil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of SC-CO2 for the extraction of Camelina seed oil and to compare with traditional extraction methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design was employed to investigate the extraction conditions: pressure (35–45MPa), temperature (50–70°C), and time (90–250min). A second order polynomial model was developed to predict the oil yield. Increasing pressure and time increased the oil yield, whereas increasing temperature did not have a significant effect. RSM-optimized conditions (45MPa, 70°C and 224.5min) obtained by RSM for the range of variables predicted a yield of 27.0% oil, whereas the actual yield was 25.1±2.0%. Oil yield was further increased to 31.6% at the RSM-optimized conditions by increasing the SC-CO2 extraction time to 510min. Soxhlet (hexane) and cold press methods yielded 35.9% and 29.9% oil, respectively. Extraction method did not have a significant effect on the fatty acid composition and tocopherol content (P>0.05); however, phytosterol content of the cold pressed oil was significantly lower than that of SC-CO2 and Soxhlet (hexane) (P<0.05). Results indicated that SC-CO2 is a promising green solvent for the extraction of Camelina seed oil.
Health-promoting effects of curcumin are well-known; however, curcumin has a very low bioavailability due to its crystalline structure. The main objective of this study was to develop a novel green ...nanoparticle formation method to generate low-crystallinity curcumin nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin. Nanoporous starch aerogels (NSAs) (surface area of 60 m
/g, pore size of 20 nm, density of 0.11 g/cm
, and porosity of 93%) were employed as a mold to produce curcumin nanoparticles with the help of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO
). The average particle size of the curcumin nanoparticles was 66 nm. Impregnation into NSAs decreased the crystallinity of curcumin and did not create any chemical bonding between curcumin nanoparticles and the NSA matrix. The highest impregnation capacity was 224.2 mg curcumin/g NSA. Curcumin nanoparticles significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of curcumin by 173-fold when compared to the original curcumin. The concentration of curcumin in the bioaccessible fraction was improved from 0.003 to 0.125 mg/mL by impregnation of curcumin into NSAs (42-fold). This is a novel approach to produce food grade curcumin nanoparticles with reduced crystallinity and maximize the utilization of curcumin due to increased bioaccessibility.
Tomato peel and seed from tomato processing industry are treated as waste; however, they contain lycopene, a high-value bioactive compound. In this study, lycopene was extracted from tomato peel and ...seed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) and hexane, and the bioaccessibilities of lycopene in the SC-CO2- and hexane-extracted oleoresins were investigated for the first time. The (Z)-lycopene content of the SC-CO2-extracted oleoresin (69%) was higher than that of hexane-extracted oleoresin (45%). Separation of the insoluble fraction from the oleoresins increased the (Z)-lycopene contents of the SC-CO2- and hexane-extracted oil fractions to 80% and 49%, respectively. The bioaccessibility of total-lycopene in the oleoresins was increased by 3.3-fold via SC-CO2 extraction, which was attributed to higher (Z)-lycopene content, and small-sized uniform distribution of lycopene in the oleoresin. SC-CO2 extraction is not only a green method for extraction of bioactive compounds, but also has the potential to improve health benefits of bioactive compounds.
Display omitted
•Lycopene-rich oleoresins were extracted from tomato processing byproducts.•Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) and hexane extractions were compared.•SC-CO2 extraction increased the cis-lycopene content of the oleoresins up to 69%.•SC-CO2-extracted oleoresins contained uniform well-dispersed lycopene.•The bioaccessibility of lycopene was enhanced by 3.3-fold by SC-CO2 ext.
•Biodegradable nanoporous aerogels were obtained from wheat starch using SC-CO2 drying.•The highest surface area of the wheat starch aerogels was 59.7m2/g.•Average pore size of the wheat starch ...aerogels was 20nm.•Densities of the wheat starch aerogels ranged between 0.05–0.29g/cm3.•Wheat starch aerogels were stable up to 280°C.
Biodegradable nanoporous aerogels were obtained from wheat starch using a simple and green method based on supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) drying. Effects of processing parameters (temperature, wheat starch concentration and mixing rate during gelatinization; temperature, pressure, and flow rate of CO2, during SC-CO2 drying) on the aerogel formation were investigated, and optimized for the highest surface area and smallest pore size of the aerogels. At the optimized conditions, wheat starch aerogels had surface areas between 52.6–59.7m2/g and densities ranging between 0.05–0.29g/cm3. The average pore size of the starch aerogels was 20nm. Starch aerogels were stable up to 280°C. Due to high surface area and nanoporous structure, wheat starch aerogels are promising carrier systems for bioactives and drugs in food and pharmaceutical industries.
PDF
