The phenomenon of migration varies according to factors in many different dimensions, this study deals with irregular migration and the events that occur in this context. Turkey, due to its ...geopolitical position, is a transit country in the irregular migration issue, in comparison with neighboring countries, Turkey has become a transit country for migrants due to its relatively higher level of development compared to Middle Eastern countries located to its south and east, and its lower level of development compared to European countries. In this study, the results and reasons for Syrian refugees attempts to use Turkey as a transit country and cross to Greece over the Aegean Sea will be analyzed from the perspective of Barry Buzans Regional Security Complex Theory. This study focuses on the problem of whether a regional security complex has emerged in the Balkans due to the migration movement resulting from the Syrian Civil War, using Buzans theory as a framework, between Turkey and Greece.
Ülke nüfusunun artışına paralel olarak odun üretim miktarlarında da son yıllarda önemli artışlar görülmektedir. Odun üretim miktarlarında ortaya çıkan bu artış üretim çalışmalarında da yeniliklere ...gitmeyi zorunlu kılmaktadır. Özellikle odun üretim çalışmalarında taşınabilir ve düşük maliyetli yeni teknolojilerin ve makinelerin kullanımı önemli bir durum almıştır. Bu makineler arasında el vinçleri son yıllarda ülkemizde ve dünya ormancılık çalışmalarında da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu vinçler kurulum ve sökülmesi yanında kullanım açısından da çok kullanışlı makinelerdir. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı Sarıyer Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisinde yer alan Sahilçamı plantasyon sahalarında el vincinin kullanımı incelenmiştir. Çalışmalar sonucunda el vincinin ortalama 50 metrelik sürütme mesafesinde saatlik verimi 1.10 m3/sa ve günlük verimi 8.80 m3/gün olarak bulunmuştur. El vincinin saatlik yakıt tüketimi ise 1.4 lt/sa olarak belirlenmiştir.
In parallel with the increase in the population in Turkey, there has been a significant increase in the amount of wood production in recent years. This increase, which occurs in the amount of wood production, makes it imperative to innovate in production of forest products. Especially in wood production, the use of portable and low-cost new technologies and machines has become important. Among these machines, portable winches have been used in forest operations in the world and in Turkey as well in recent years. These winches are very useful machines in terms of installation and uninstallation. In this study, the use of portable winch in the Sahilçamı plantation areas within the boundaries of Sarıyer Forest Operation Directorate affiliated to the Istanbul Forest Regional Directorate has been examined. As a result of the studies, the hourly yield of the portable winch at an average skid distance of 50 meters was found as 1.110 m3/hr and the daily yield was found as 8.800 m3/day. Hourly fuel consumption of the hand winch was determined as 1.4 lt/h.
Ülkemizde artan nüfus sayısına göre odun hammaddesi ihtiyacı da artış göstermektedir. Oluşan bu talep ve artış nedeniyle odun hammaddesinin kesim süreci verim, maliyet, iş güvenliği ve çevresel ...zararlar açısından önemli bir hal almıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul Sarıyer bölgesinde yer alan karaçam (Pinus nigra Arnold.) plantasyonlarında Husqvarna 365 motorlu testere ile yapılan kesim, dal alma, ölçme ve boylama çalışmalarında zaman tüketimi, verimlilik ve maliyeti tespit etmektir. Bu amaçla motorlu testere ile yapılan çalışmalarda zaman etütleri yapılmıştır. Bu zaman etütleri sonucunda ortalama 12.62 m boyunda ve 21.41 cm göğüs yüksekliği çapına sahip karaçam meşcerelerinde kesme verimi 2.825 m3/sa olarak bulunmuştur. Zaman etütleri sonucunda bir ağacın ortalama kesim süreci 5.31dakika/sefer olarak belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında, yapılan çalışmada motorlu testere ile kesim çalışmasının maliyeti 5.53 $/sa ve 1.96 $/m3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, motorlu testerenin yakıt tüketimi 1.85 lt/sa olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, motorlu testere verimliliğinin ağaç çapı ve dal alma-boylama ile ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.
Southeast Asia, since its early inhabitation, has formed a distinctive regional system thanks to its peculiar geography. The area that contains the Strait of Malacca, because of being at the ...crossroads of both internal and external regional water-borne trade and thus social interaction since ancient times, has gained a status of being the economic, politic and cultural hub of the region. The study argues the Southeast Asia regional system through two main periods; pre-colonial period and colonial period. The colonialism in the region has taken as the axis here since the Southeast Asia regional system has been established before and fully functioned until the advent of colonialism. During this period, Indian, Chinese and the Middle Eastern economic, politic and cultural influences spread to the region. The colonial administrations hit a fatal blow to the system and the economic, politic and cultural demography of the region changed dramatically. In the framework of this historical background, the study concludes that the recent Southeast Asian regionalism, rather than being a unique example, can be considered as a revival of the ancient Southeast Asian regional system.
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•Natural deep eutectic solvent from a new group of green solvents was employed.•The antioxidant activity performances of rosemary extracts were evaluated.•The efficiency of ...antioxidant extraction of ChCl-PG was superior to traditional solvents.•Response surface methodology was used for extraction optimization on TAC.
New environmentally friendly extraction methods and solvents such as ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are replacing the traditional extraction methods with organic solvents. In the present study, NADES prepared with choline chloride 1,2-propylene glycol (ChCl-PG) were characterized and running parameters for the UAE process of phenolics were optimized and modeled with response surface methodology (RSM) using ChCl-PG. The optimum conditions obtained from running parameters were used to compare efficiency of NADES with four traditional solvents and NADES was found to be for phenolics extraction from rosemary. Experimental data was used to maximize extraction yields of phenolics and antioxidant activities, rosmaranic acid, chlorophyll and carotene content using six rosemary genotypes under optimal conditions with NADES and a traditional solvent (ethanol:water, 80:20 v/v) with UAE. Rosemary genotypes showed significant differences for bioactive compound yields except chlorophyll and carotene content. NADES and traditional solvents did not affect rosmarinic acid and carotenoid yield, but extraction yield of other compounds and their antioxidant capacities were significantly affected by the solvent. While rosmarinic acid content was not affected, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were affected by the solvent type. Out of 21 Pearson correlation coefficients, 5 and 7 had significant positive correlations between traditional and NADES solvents, respectively. Results showed that NADES with UAE is an effective method could be used for extraction of secondary compounds.
Ülkemizin 60 yıllık planlı kalkınma döneminde, ormanlar da etkin bir şekilde işletmeye açılmıştır. Bu alanlardan, fonksiyonel ormancılık kapsamında, efektif bir şekilde yararlanılması için orman yol ...ağı planları oluşturulmuştur. Orman yolları; odun üretimi, ağaçlandırma, silvikültürel uygulamalar, yangınla mücadele, koruma, rekreasyonel uygulamalar gibi tüm ormancılık çalışmalarında kullanılan ana ulaşım tesisleridir. Orman yol ağları planlanırken çevre duyarlılığı ve fonksiyonel ormancılık çalışmalarının göz önünde bulundurulması gerekir. Orman yollarının uzun süreli hizmet verebilmesi için planlama, yapım ve bakım çalışmalarının iyi bir şekilde yapılması önemlidir. Orman yollarının korunması ve ulaşıma sürekli açık tutulması amacıyla; koruma duvarları, büzler, menfezler, köprüler gibi sanat yapılarının tesis edilmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde orman yolu üzerinde ilk defa inşa edilen çelik köprünün yapımı incelenmiştir. Bu tip köprülerin yapım teknikleri, orman yollarına uygunluğu araştırılmıştır.
During the 60-year planned development period of Turkey, forests were also put into operation effectively. Forest road network plans have been created in order to make effective use of these areas within the scope of functional forestry. The forest roads are the main transportation facilities used in all forestry activities such as wood production, afforestation, silvicultural applications, fire fighting, forest protection, and recreational applications. Environmental awareness and functional forestry studies should be considered while planning forest road networks. In order for forest roads to provide long-term service, it is important that planning, construction and maintenance works are done well. In order to protect forest roads and keep them open to transportation, the protection and drainage structures such as protection walls, pipes, culverts, bridges should be established. In this study, the construction of the steel bridge, which was built for the first time on the forest road in Turkey, was examined. The construction techniques of steel bridges and their suitability for forest roads were investigated.
Degradation on the forest roads have an important factor for the traffic safety and the safe drive of the vehicles. The aim of the study is to determine accurately the degradation rate of the ...pavement with high precisions, exposed to deformation by meteorological conditions in the short term, on the forest roads using with ZF 5010C Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS).
Road surface model results which are obtained from areal comparison digital surface model show that maximum swelling and collapsing values occurred on depth of (0.00)–(0.01) and (0.00)–(−0.01) during between November 2015 and April 2016. According to result of volumetric analysis of digital surface models, maximum net gain volume was calculated as 32.50m3 (73.70%) in January–December, while net loss was calculated maximum −30.24m3 (61.67%) in December–November. Volumetric degradation results are compared with meteorological factors. According to comparison it was observed that degradation and sediment production from forest roads surface is related to total rainfall.
Our results revealed that Terrestrial laser scanner can be used effectively in measurement of degradation. Additionally, 1cm resolution is sufficient in terms of accuracy of evaluation. Also, registration and geo-referencing is one of the most important factors for accuracy of surface model.
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