•In this manuscript, the engine vibration of a diesel engine is estimated by Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) methods.•In this study, a ...total of 5 variables, namely NH3 additive rate, x-axis (m/s2), y-axis (m/s2), RMS (m/s2), and Engine Speed (m/s), were used as inputs in both models and z-axis (m/s2) output was estimated.•The relationship between the variables with the MLR method was examined and interpreted.•ANFIS and MLR methods were compared in terms of prediction performance.
With the increase in population, the need for fuel has led researchers to search for alternative green fuels. The leading of these alternatives is Ammonia (NH3), which minimizes carbon emission as opposed to petroleum derivatives that contain carbon, primarily when used as fuel. In this study, NH3 was mixed with sunflower biodiesel in different volumetric ratios and burned at varying engine speeds using a diesel engine, recording experimental vibration data in the engine block. With these obtained data, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Adaptive-Network Based Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) methods were used to compare the two methods by examining the effect of inputs on output and the factors affecting output. In this context, a total of 5 variables, namely NH3 additive rate, x-axis (m/s2), y-axis (m/s2), RMS (m/s2), and Engine Speed (m/s), were used as inputs in both models and the dependent variable z-axis (m/s2) was estimated. For this purpose, first of all, estimation was carried out with MLR method, then different models were created with ANFIS method, and the prediction performances of both methods were calculated. In the performance evaluation of the test data, R2 (certainty coefficient) value for MLR was found as 0.58, Mean Squared Error (MSE) was 10.61, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was 2.43, and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was 3.25, while R2 value for ANFIS was calculated as 0.86, MSE 3.85, MAE 1.25 and RMSE 1.96. When both methods are compared in terms of performance, it is seen that ANFIS gives better results than MLR.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) exhibit numerous advantages over conventional ones used in several chemical and biochemical processes. Besides addressing most of the principles of green chemistry, DESs ...can also act as catalyst depending on their nature. The use of DESs as acid catalyst has several advantages such as utilization at stoichiometric amount, non-toxicity, possibility of the recovery, similar or higher catalytic effect than the acid itself alone, the recyclability and reusability without a significant loss of activity. In this mini-review, the state- of-the-art in the use of DESs as catalyst is presented. The DESs, which show Lewis type acidity, Brønsted type acidity and other types of catalytic influence in various types of reactions including esterification, organic synthesis, glycolysis and depolymerisation are presented and their roles in the reactions are discussed.
species are frequently used worldwide in the treatment of various diseases, such as inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, due to the large number ...of secondary metabolites they contain. The present study was performed on
, which is a narrow endemic species for the flora of Turkey, and resulted in the isolation of nine known compounds, 6,3'-disinapoyl-sucrose (
), 6-
-sinapoyl,3'-
-trimethoxy-cinnamoyl-sucrose (tenuifoliside C) (
), 3'-
-(
-methyl-feruloyl)-sucrose (
), 3'-
-(sinapoyl)-sucrose (
), 3'-
-trimethoxy-cinnamoyl-sucrose (glomeratose) (
), 3'-
-feruloyl-sucrose (sibiricose A5) (
), sinapyl alcohol 4-
-glucoside (syringin or eleutheroside B) (
), liriodendrin (
), and 7,4'-di-
-methylquercetin-3-
-β-rutinoside (ombuin 3-
-rutinoside or ombuoside) (
). The structures of the compounds were determined by the spectroscopic methods including 1D-NMR (
H NMR,
C NMR, DEPT-135), 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC), and HRMS. The isolated compounds were shown in an in silico setting to be accommodated well within the inhibitor-binding pockets of myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase and anchored mainly through hydrogen-bonding interactions and π-effects. It is therefore plausible to suggest that the previously established anti-inflammatory properties of some
-derived phytochemicals may be due, in part, to the modulation of pro-inflammatory enzyme activities.
Abstract Β-glucans (BGs) are dietary fibers with human health benefits. Due to their emulsifying, thickening, and water-holding properties, they are frequently utilized in food formulations. ...Hull-less barley is one of the important sources of BGs. This research was performed to extract BGs from hull-less barley using microwave-assisted pressurized CO 2 /H 2 O (MW-PCO 2 ) extraction, a combination that had never been employed before. The MW-PCO 2 extraction conditions (temperature, time and water: barley flour ratio) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design for the maximum BG yield (%). Temperature of 47.74 °C, time of 19.92 min, and water: barley flour ratio of 10.10:1 (g/g) were found to be the optimum conditions for extraction with a BG yield of 62.43%. Additionally, MW-PCO 2 extraction was compared with conventional water extraction (CE) and BG extracts obtained by both methods were characterized. Chemical composition, molecular weight, thermal properties, water solubility, water holding capacity, surface morphology, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) of the BG extracts were determined. MW-PCO 2 extraction gave higher BG yield and purity, molecular weight, and water holding capacity using less solvent in a shorter time. Furthermore, both extracts have similar morphological images, FTIR spectrum, and thermal properties. The results of this work demonstrate the potential of the MW-PCO 2 approach for extracting BGs from hull-less barley with improved selectivity and recovery, which can then be added to a variety of food and drug formulations.
Six known sucrose mono-, di- and triesters and five xanthone derivatives were isolated from the roots of Polygala peshmenii Eren, Parolly, Raus & Kürschner which is a narrow species endemic to ...Türkiye. Among the xanthones, 1,7-dihydroxy-2,3-methylenedioxy-5,6-dimethoxy-xanthone is an undescribed compound isolated for the first time from a natural source. The studies on the roots of P. azizsancarii Dönmez have resulted in the isolation of four known compounds including sucrose mono-, di- and triesters. The structures of the sucrose esters and xanthones isolated from P. azizsancarii and P. peshmenii were established by spectroscopic methods, including 1D-NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-135), 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC). Neuroprotective activities of two xanthones, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2,5,7-trimethoxyxanthone and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1,6-dihydroxy-2,5,7-trimethoxyxanthone isolated from the roots of P. azizsancarii were evaluated in vitro using in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. SKNAS human neuroblastoma cells were used in the study and treated with different consecrations of Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ oligomer for up to 48 h. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. The distribution of β-amyloid, α-synuclein, tau, JAK2, STAT3, caspase 3 and BMP-2 were investigated using indirect immunoperoxidase staining. Our results suggested that both xanthones control tau aggregation with no effect on β-amyloid plaque formation. In addition, for neuronal pathophysiology in AD cell model, decreased distributions of JAK/STAT3 and BMP2 signaling pathways were demonstrated, therefore they play a role in the protective effect on neurons in neurodegenerative disease. A significant decrease in caspase 3 immunoreactivity was detected after the administration of both compounds in AD cells. Therefore, both compounds control neuronal pathophysiology and rescue cell death in AD disease.
Thirteen compounds including six known sucrose mono-, di- and triesters and seven xanthones have been isolated from the roots of Polygala peshmenii Eren, Parolly, Raus & Kürschner and P. azizsancarii Dönmez (Polygalaceae). Two xanthones isolated from P. azizsancarii were studied for their neuroprotective activities. 1,7-dihydroxy-2,3-methylenedioxy-5,6-dimethoxy-xanthone from P. peshmeniiis an undescribed compound. Display omitted
•Phytochemical investigation on the roots of two endemic Polygala species, was performed.•The structure of sucrose esters and xanthones isolated from both Polygala species were discussed.•The structures of the isolated xanthones from P. peshmenii were established using NMR.•The two xanthones were evaluated in vitro Alzheimer model cells using SKNAS cells.
Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, they have been shown to exhibit increased antioxidant properties in their ...polymerized form. Catechins are one of the attractive class of flavonoids which belong to the group of flavan-3-ols. Polymerization of catechins have been investigated in numerous studies indicating the requirement of certain amount of organic solvent to provide the solubility of the monomer. However, many research projects have been conducted recently to replace toxic organic contaminants of the processes with environmentally friendly solvents. In this aspect, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) that are regarded as "green solvents" have been studied extensively in various enzyme catalyzed reactions. In the present study, we focused on establishing a green pathway for laccase catalyzed polycatechin synthesis by replacing organic solvent content with DESs as green solvents. For this aim, various parameters were investigated, such as DES types and concentrations laccase amount and reaction time. Consequently, the highest molecular weight polycatechin was obtained using 5% (v/v) B-M, 125 U laccase in 1 hr of reaction time, at 30°C, as 4,354 ± 678 g mol
−1
. Corresponding X/XO inhibitory activity and superoxide radical scavenging activities were achieved as, 59 and 50%, respectively.
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a zero-cost substrate for numerous value-added compounds. Although several studies on the production of lipids and carotenoids by
Rhodotorula glutinis
in OMW exist, ...none of them has specifically focused on the conditions for a target lipid or carotenoid. This study presents cultivation conditions that selectively stimulate the cell biomass, individual carotenoids and lipids. It was found that supplemental carbon and nitrogen sources as well as illumination affected cell biomass the most. High temperature, low initial pH, illumination, lack of urea and presence of glycerol stimulated the lipid synthesis. The highest total lipid content obtained in undiluted OMW supplemented with urea was 11.08 ± 0.17% (w/w) whilst it was 41.40 ± 0.21% (w/w) when supplemented with glycerol. Moreover, the main fatty acid produced by
R. glutinis
in all media was oleic acid, whose fraction reached 63.94 ± 0.58%. Total carotenoid yield was significantly increased with low initial pH, high temperature, illumination, certain amounts of urea, glycerol and cultivation time. Up to 192.09 ± 0.16 μg/g cell carotenoid yield was achieved. Torularhodin could be selectively produced at high pH, low temperature and with urea and glycerol supplementation. To selectively induce torulene synthesis, cultivation conditions should have low pH, high temperature and illumination. In addition, low pH, high temperature and urea supplementation served high production of β-carotene. Up to 85.40 ± 0.76, 80.67 ± 1.40 and 39.45 ± 0.69% of torulene, torularhodin and β-carotene, respectively, were obtained under selected conditions.
Key points
• Cultivation conditions selectively induced target carotenoids and lipids
• 41.40 ± 0.21% (w/w) lipid content and 192.09 ± 0.16 μg/g cell carotenoid yield were achieved
• Markedly high selectivity values for torularhodin and torulene were achieved
Nine xanthone derivatives (1–9) were isolated from the roots of Polygala azizsancarii, which is a narrow endemic species for the flora of Türkiye. Based on all of the evidence, the structures of 1–9 ...were established as two previously undescribed xanthone O‐glucosides, 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy‐1,6‐dihydroxy‐2,5,7‐trimethoxyxanthone (1), 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy‐1,6‐dihydroxy‐2,7‐dimethoxyxanthone (2), and seven previously described xanthones, 1,3,6‐trihydroxy‐2,5,7‐trimethoxyxanthone (3), 1,3,6‐trihydroxy‐2,7‐dimethoxyxanthone (4), 1,2,3,4,7‐pentamethoxyxanthone (5), 1,3‐dihydroxy‐2,5,6,7‐tetramethoxyxanthone (6), 1,3‐dihydroxy‐4,7‐dimethoxyxanthone (7), 1,7‐dihydroxy‐3‐methoxyxanthone (8), and 1,7‐dihydroxy‐2,3‐methylenedioxyxanthone (9). The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐NMR (1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, DEPT‐135), 2D‐NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, INADEQUATE), and HR‐MS. The solid‐state structures of 1–4, including the absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons of the sugar moiety in 1 and 2, were established by X‐ray crystal‐structure analyses. For the newly described compounds, the trivial names sancarosides A (1) and B (2) are proposed.
Endüstriyel yan ürün olan gliserolün, R. glutinis çoğalması ve antioksidan enzim olan katalaz aktivitesi
üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Çoğalma kinetiği için parametreler; μmax =0,278 h-1, Ks ...=11,84 g/L, Ki =
174,5 g/L olarak elde edilmiş; gliserolün yüksek derişimlerinde substrat inhibisyonu olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Radikal oluşturucu etkenlerin UYM ve gliserol içeren ortamlarda katalaz aktivitesi üzerindeki etkilerinin
farkı olduğu belirlenmiştir. UYM ortamında en yüksek katalaz aktivitesi değeri 5 U/mg olarak, 20 mM H2O2
ile elde edilmiştir. Gliserol ortamında ise en yüksek değer %260 artış ile 10,24 U/mg olarak, 33 mM metilen
mavisi ile elde edilmiştir. Oksijen etkisinin incelendiği biyoreaktör deneylerinde ise aşılamanın
başlangıcından itibaren çoğalma ortamında %100 çözünmüş oksijen değeri sağlandığında, 12 h’de oksijen
derişiminin serbest bırakıldığı kontrol ortamına göre 108 kat artış sağlanarak 32,6 U/mg katalaz aktivitesi
elde edilmiştir.
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