Aim: To investigate the reliability of sonoelastography by comparing the Achilles tendon strain ratio obtained in healthy volunteers by different observers with different sonoelastography devices ...working on the same principle.Material and Methods: A total of 80 Achilles tendons in 40 volunteers without chronic disease were evaluated using Toshiba and Hitachi devices using real-time elastography principle. The Kager fat pad was selected for strain ratio measurement. Each tendon was evaluated with both devices twice by both observers. The intraobserver and interobserver agreement were examined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) obtained by two-way mixed ANOVA model for absolute agreement and interpreted as Ko and Li (11) suggested.Results: Interobserver agreement in the first and second measurements of the Hitachi device and in the second measurements of the Toshiba device was found to be good (average ICC>0.75). The interobserver agreement in the first measurements made on the Toshiba device was found to be lower (average ICC=0.729, p<0.001). The intraobserver agreement was found to be excellent (ICC>0.90) for both device. The interobserver agreement for the Toshiba device was found lower than for the Hitachi device. Mean strain ratio was 2.96±1.07 for the Hitachi device and 3.54±1.03 for the Toshiba device. Measurements obtained from the Toshiba device were determined as significantly higher than those from the Hitachi device.Conclusion: There may be differences in strain rates depending on the compression application limits of the devices, in studies carried out using different devices. Therefore, intraobserver and interobserver agreement should be evaluated separately for each device.
Amaç: Aynı prensiple çalışan farklı sonoelastografi cihazlarında, farklı gözleyiciler tarafından sağlıklı gönüllülerden elde edilen aşil tendonu gerinim oranlarını karşılaştırarak sonoelastografinin güvenilirliğini araştırmak.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kronik hastalığı olmayan 40 gönüllüde toplam 80 aşil tendonu, real-time elastografi prensibi ile çalışan Toshiba ve Hitachi marka cihazlar kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Gerinim oranı ölçümü için Kager yağ planı seçildi. Her bir tendon, her iki cihazda her iki gözleyici tarafından iki kez değerlendirildi. Gözleyici içi ve gözleyiciler arası uyum, iki yönlü ANOVA modelinden mutlak uyum için elde edilen sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı (SKK) ile incelenerek Ko ve Li’nin (11) önerdiği sınıflandırmaya göre yorumlandı.Bulgular: Hitachi marka cihazda yapılan birinci ve ikinci ölçümlerde, Toshiba marka cihazda yapılan ikinci ölçümde gözleyiciler arası uyumun iyi seviyede olduğu tespit edildi. (ortalama SKK>0,75). Toshiba marka cihazda yapılan birinci ölçümde ise gözleyiciler arası uyumun daha düşük olduğu saptandı (ortalama SKK=0,729, p<0,001). Her iki cihazda da gözleyiciler içi uyumun mükemmel seviyede olduğu izlendi (SKK>0,90). Toshiba marka cihaz için gözleyiciler arası uyumun Hitachi marka cihaza göre daha düşük olduğu görüldü. Gerinim oranlarının ortalaması Hitachi marka cihaz için 2.96±1.07 ve Toshiba marka cihaz için 3.54±1.03 idi. Toshiba marka cihazdan elde edilen ölçümlerin, Hitachi marka cihazdan elde edilen ölçümlere göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu belirlendi.Sonuç: Farklı cihazlarla yapılan çalışmalarda cihazların kompresyon uygulama sınırlarına bağlı olarak gerinim oranlarında farklılıklar olabilir. Bu nedenle her cihaz için gözleyici içi ve gözleyiciler arası uyum ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmelidir.
The history of Turkish psychology, the cultural changes, and the rise of psychoanalysis have accompanied the development of Rorschach in Turkey. Yani Anastasiadis, the Turkish Rorschach pioneer, ...perceived Rorschach as “the radiography of human spirit.” So the history of the Rorschach begins in 1943, and it became widely utilized in hospitals and clinical settings. Although in the 1950s statistical evaluation ruled, Anastasiadis continued his research and presented several articles at conferences and published many written articles. Today other approaches such as Exner’s Comprehensive System and the currently used psychoanalytically oriented Rorschach, highly influenced by French schools, have emerged. The psychoanalytically oriented Rorschach system and the development of psychoanalysis in Turkey in general occurred at the same time, which is not a coincidence. The spread of psychoanalysis as well as the Rorschach test has been helped by a number of associations. The Society of Rorschach and Projective Tests was formed in 2003. Today, there are standardized Turkish norms of adults and adolescents, and several books have been published.
Purpose – Human capital has consistently been recognized as one of the major factors driving the economic growth of a nation. It is essential to make the education sector, which plays a major role in ...development of human capital, more responsive towards the changing demands of an economy. Extensive literature on this subject presented a close relationship between role of education and economic growth of the nation. The present study examines the impact of Turkey’s education sector on the economic performance of the country for the time period 1999-2016. Additionally this study investigated the inverse relationship between them i.e. whether the rising economic growth of Turkey is also contributing significantly in education. Design/methodology/approach – Economic growth theories including classical Cobb Douglas model search impact of education level on economic growth. This paper studies whether schooling rate, vocational education and other education improvements had positive impacts on economic growth for Turkish economy. In order to search the relation between human capital and economic growth trend analyses, stationarity analyses, ARIMA modelling, causality search and cointegration tests made for education variables in Turkey.
•Modal specific responses can be regarded as a sign of brain plasticity in deaf.•Somatosensory evoked potentials revealed larger amplitudes in deaf.•Shorter N1 latency in visual modality was found in ...deaf.
The functions of the sensory systems on disabled people have been one of the most investigated topics in brain research. In these studies, mostly visual stimuli had been employed while investigating the deaf participants. Limited number of electrophysiological studies revealed better visual sensory processing in deaf participants. On the other hand, studies deploying tactile stimuli especially used either electrical or painful stimulus or they focused the psychophysical assessments of thresholds associated with tactile stimuli. The present study tried to evaluate electrophysiological brain responses in deaf and control group with a unimodal study design including both the visual and non-painful tactile stimuli, and to reveal the possible changes in brain plasticity within modality basis.
Thirteen congenitally deaf adolescents (mean: 14.61 ± 1.06 years; 7 girls) and 10 adolescents with normal hearing (16.6 ± 2.72 years; 4 girls) were recruited for the study. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were separately delivered to the participants and in order to maintain neutrality among sessions they were presented in random order while the electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were taken.
Brain responses to non-painful tactile and visual stimuli were measured for N1, P2, and N2 components. All amplitudes of deaf group were significantly larger than all amplitudes of control group in SEP session whereas in VEP session only P2 and N2 amplitudes of deaf group were statistically larger. In addition, the latency of N1 component in VEP session was significantly earlier in deaf group.
These findings suggest early cortical excitability, less neuronal capacity usage and also more efficient sensory processing in deaf group.
The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) pretreats the roadways of Ohio two times a week with 23% NaCl at 40gal/lane∗mile application rate when weather conditions warrant. To be able to come up ...with the most effective anti-icing program for ODOT, field and laboratory investigation of pretreatment was studied on pavements.
Brine decay was studied on highways ATH-50 PCC and PICK-23 AC versus time and traffic. The field tests for brine were conducted with modified versions of the SOBO 20 YSI BO and Wally BO.
The laboratory part included the detailed investigation of issues encountered in the field due to the grooved texture of concrete and porous texture of asphalt pavements. Correction factors for the salt readings on porous asphalt and grooved concrete surfaces were developed. Based on lab data grooved and porous surfaces appeared to decrease the efficacy of pretreatment. Correction equations due to pavement–fluid temperature difference were developed.
The modeling of the salt decay on state roads provided statistically good results with high R2 values. The laboratory data were integrated with the field study results by the construction of a decision tree which is the product of this research. This decision tree was also computerized by using C-Sharp Programming Language. Remaining salt density after certain time or traffic can be found from the decay equations for porous and grooved pavements and the freezing point temperatures can be obtained before an ice/snow event. By this way, the personnel can decide when to pretreat and can know to what temperature extent the salt on the pavement is effective.
•The aim of the field tests was to find out the factors that were affecting the performance of pretreatment applications such as time, traffic.•The parameters that were contributing to the decay of the sodium chloride were identified and correlated to field test results.•The highways that were treated were PICK-23 AC and ATH 50 PCC. The salt decay equations versus time and traffic were obtained. They provide estimates on remaining sodium chloride amount on the pretreated surface type.•Residual NaCl concentration can be found by placing in the time and traffic values into the decay equations.•Quality control analysis of duplicate diagonal differences helped the researcher to analyze the accuracy of the salt measuring equipment. Majority of the duplicated test sections provided good analysis results.•The aim of the laboratory tests were to find correction factors for the salt concentrations due to different pavement types and conditions experienced during the field study.•Series of laboratory experiments were conducted to find correction factors. The results were integrated and placed inside the decision tree.•A decision tree is drawn as a product of this research study which integrates the results of the field and laboratory tests.•By the help of the C Sharp programming language the decision tree was computerized and application was run to show as an example for a specific case.
Les rêveries à l’adolescence ont mauvaise réputation. Elles sont considérées comme une fuite vis-à‑vis de la réalité ou encore comme un retrait psychique. Pourtant le rêve et les rêveries sont au ...cœur de la pensée freudienne et constituent « la voie royale » vers l’inconscient. Dans la pensée bionienne, les rêveries permettent au sujet de donner sens à la réalité, en transformant les impressions sensorielles en des expériences émotionnelles porteuses de sens. Dans cet article, l’autrice, après avoir fait communiquer les deux courants de pensées opposés sur la place de la rêverie à l’adolescence, soutiendra l’hypothèse selon laquelle la rêverie constitue le moteur même du processus adolescent.
Fabric defects that occur during weaving production causes wastage at garment production. If fabric defects can not be detected during garment production, causes separation of the finished product as ...second quality. In this study, in a weaving mill, raw fabrics were inspected during three weeks for defect detection after weaving operation and results were investigated using statistical methods. Detected fabric defects has been classified and noted on quality control charts. For statistical investigation of number of defects pareto analysis and p control charts were used from statistical process control methods.
Fabric defects that may occur at different stages of woven terry fabric production requires quality control and classification of fabrics as first or second grade before sending to customer. In this ...study, before shipping of two different terry fabric orders, defects were detected by inspection of fabric rolls on a lighted control board by experienced experts. Number of the defects and dimensions of the defects seen during the inspection were noted on quality control charts. Detected defects were defined and scored according to different demerit point systems. In this way, the fabric rolls were classified according to the demerit point systems before being shipped to garment enterprises. Disputes can be avoided with classification made by a demerit point system on which manufacturer and the customer have agreed.
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