•In vitro phenolic bioavailability of Viburnum opulus L. was measured.•Chlorogenic acid showed a moderate bioavailability index.•Mechanistically different tests were applied for antioxidant ...potential.•Antioxidant activities were affected by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
Although there is a wide array of antioxidant studies and related phenolic antioxidants on plants, bioavailability phenomenon is often neglected. Design of this study based on evaluation of difference in antioxidant potential and phenolic profile of V. opulus fruits before and after in vitro gastrointestinal human digestion. For this purpose two extracts (methanolic and aqueous) were prepared from its fruits. After the digestion simulation procedure, total phenolic, phenolic acid, flavonoid contents were determined for all phases of digestion. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used for measurement of chlorogenic acid, major bioactive component of the extracts. Bioavailability index was calculated for all phenolic content assays and for the bioactive compound for accurate determination of alterations in phenolic profile via in vitro human digestion. For revelation of the precise antioxidant potential of fruit extracts, a couple of free radical scavenging (DPPH and DMPD) and metal reducing potential (CUPRAC and FRAP) assays and in addition a total antioxidant capacity assay were conducted on all phases. The results showed that the methanolic extract is superior to aqueous counterpart in terms of phenolic profile and antioxidant properties. Also, the major metabolite was negatively influenced by in vitro simulation of human digestion.
Oxidative stress is one of the significant precursors of various metabolic diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. Various scientific reports have ...indicated that secondary plant metabolites play an important role in preventing oxidative stress and its harmful effects. In this respect, this study was planned to investigate the phenolic profile and antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of the aqueous extracts from Turkish Cistus species by employing in vitro methods. In vitro digestion simulation procedure was applied to all extracts to estimate the bioavailability of their phenolic contents. Total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid and proanthocyanidin contents were determined for all phases of digestion. In addition, changes in the quantity of the assigned marker flavonoids (tiliroside, hyperoside and quercitrin) were monitored by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. The antioxidant activity potentials of the extracts were studied by various methods to reveal their detailed activity profiles. On the other hand, in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and advanced-glycation end product (AGE) inhibitory activities of the extracts were determined to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials of extracts. The results showed that aqueous extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Turkish Cistus species have rich phenolic contents and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities; however, their bioactivity profiles and marker flavonoid concentrations might significantly be affected by human digestion. The results exhibited that total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities and diabetes-related enzyme inhibitions of the bioavailable samples were lower than non-digested samples in all extracts.
•The bioaccessible phenolic content of Hypericum perfoliatum L. was investigated.•Total phenol, phenolic acid, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin contents were calculated.•HPTLC analysis was performed for ...major phenolic compounds.•The effect of phenolic bioaccessibility on antioxidant activity were tested.
Bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal system is a priority for any molecule to exert its biological activity. This study was planned for investigating the bioaccessibility of the phenolic content of Hypericum perfoliatum L. together with its antioxidant profile. For this purpose, a simulation method of human digestion comprising of both gastric and intestinal phases was used. The total phenolic, phenolic acid, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents of the methanolic extract of H. perfoliatum were measured. Major phenolic compounds (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and quercitrin) and their bioaccessibilities were also evaluated by high performance thin layer chromatography. Furthermore, two mechanistically different methodologies for the estimation of antioxidant capacities were employed. Free radical scavenging activities and also ferric and cupric ion reducing capacities were calculated. The results indicated the amount of bioaccessible content, also a high antioxidant capacity of the plant following the simulated digestion process.
•In vitro phenolic bioavailability of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas was measured.•Antioxidant potential was evaluated by mechanistically different tests.•Flavone glycosides showed lower ...bioavailability than phenolic acids in this plant.•Antioxidant activities were affected by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
Despite the countless number of studies on phenolic compounds from herbal resources and their related bioactivities, their bioavailability factors are generally disregarded. The present study was performed in order to assess the potential bioavailability of major phenolics found in the aerial parts of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas. To that end, a simulated human digestion method consisting of both gastric and intestinal phases was conducted. The total phenolic, phenolic acid and flavonoid contents were appraised together with high performance thin layer chromatography analysis of the two phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid) and two flavone glycosides (apigenin 7-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside). On the other hand, antioxidant potentials of the samples were investigated using assays with different mechanisms such as free radical scavenging tests and metal-related activity tests. According to the results, flavone glycosides had lower bioavailability than phenolic acids, and antioxidant activities were altered due to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
Abstract Benzene sulfonamides are an important biological substituent for several activities. In this study, hybridization of benzene sulfonamide with piperazine derivatives were investigated for ...their antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibitory potencies. Six molecules were synthesized and characterized. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, chelating and phosphomolybdemum assays were applied to evaluate antioxidant capacities. Results show that compounds have high antioxidant capacity and compound 4 has the best antioxidant activity among them. Compound 4 has higher antioxidant activity than references for FRAP (IC 50 : 0.08 mM), CUPRAC (IC 50 : 0.21 mM) and phosphomolybdenum (IC 50 : 0.22 mM) assays. Besides this, compound 4 has moderate DPPH and ABTS antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, enzyme inhibition activities of these molecules were investigated against AChE, BChE, tyrosinase, α -amylase and α -glucosidase enzymes. It was revealed that all compounds have good enzyme inhibitory potential except for α -amylase enzyme. The best inhibitory activities were observed for AChE with compound 5 the same value (IC 50 : 1.003 mM), for BChE with compounds 2 and 5 the same value (IC 50 : 1.008 mM), for tyrosinase compound 4 (IC 50 : 1.19 mM), and for α -glucosidase with compound 3 (IC 50 : 1.000 mM). Docking studies have been conducted with these molecules, and the results correlate well with the inhibitory assays.
Hypericum olympicum L. (Hypericaceae) flowering aerial parts has been utilized in Turkish folk medicine as a remedy against inflamed skin problems.
This study was designed to state the effect of H. ...olympicum on dermatological problems. For this purpose effect of the plant extract on the DNA strand break and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–9 activity of human dermal fibroblast (HDFs) cells irradiated with UVB as well as antioxidant activity potential were studied.
The methanolic extract of Hypericum olympicum (HOM) was prepared by maceration at room temperature. DNA damage and increased MMP–9 activity in HDFs were induced by UVB irradiation. The cell viability was measured by water–soluble tetrazolium salt (WST)–1 assay. The effects on DNA strand break was investigated by single gel electrophoresis (commonly known as Comet assay), while MMP–9 activity was observed by gelatin zymography assay. In vitro antioxidant tests were performed to indicate the effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS). The major metabolites were identified and their concentrations were measured by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).
HOM was found to recover DNA damage dose–dependently. The enzymatic activity of MMP–9 was inhibited almost 100% by the treatment of 1.5 mg/mL of the extract. It also enhanced cell proliferation in those cells, and also it was shown to possess antioxidant activity. The major metabolites of HOM were identified as chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides (rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin).
Experimental studies have proven the traditional use of Hypericum olympicum in inflamed skin problems acting by inhibition of the inflammatory pathway and recovery of DNA damage induced experimentally.
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Phytochemical investigations on the EtOH extract of Clematis viticella led to the isolation of six flavonoid glycosides, isoorientin (1), isoorientin 3′-O-methyl ether (2), quercetin ...7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), quercetin 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), manghaslin (5) and chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), one phenylethanol derivative, hydroxytyrosol (7), along with three phenolic acids, caffeic acid (8), (E)-p-coumaric acid (9) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of NMR and HR-MS data. All compounds were isolated from C. viticella for the first time. Compounds 7 and 8 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at 100 μM by reducing the release of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophages comparable to positive control indomethacin. Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through lowering the levels of TNF-α while 1, 3 and 5 decreased the levels of neopterin better than the positive controls.
Abstract
This article focuses on the effects of different representation modes of architectural heritage in augmented reality (AR) applications on remembering. Deterioration of the tangible evidence ...of architectural heritage compromises not only its visibility in the heritage site, but also its presence in memory. Converging survived features and digitally produced representations of the heritage, AR applications in mobile devices provide the memory of the site with endurance, however what is remembered immensely depends on how the heritage is digitally represented on screen. Conceived as a case study for the method of analysis derived from classical memorizing technique of the art of memory, the ‘ARtemis’ project, reported in this article, aimed to get insights into the effects of the representational qualities of augmented architectural heritage on remembering and also into future AR projects developed for architectural heritage sites with its original method of analysis to inform design decisions. The research project involved the development of the method of art of augmented memory, the AR application, as well as questionnaires and interviews with the respondents’ on-site tests of the application. The results of this analysis show that the decisions regarding the digital representation of architectural heritage in AR applications entail not only the visual qualities of the heritage per se, but also how the actual site of memory is visualized on screen.
Bioavailability is an important concept when evaluating natural products for their bioactivities. The present study measured the bioavailability of phenolics of Sambucus ebulus (dwarfelder) fruit ...extracts, along with its antioxidant activity after simulated digestion. Total phenolics, phenolic acid, proanthocyanidin and flavonoid content assays were used along with different antioxidant assays such as metal reducing and free radical scavenging activities. High performance thin layer chromatography was used to measure bioactive metabolite of the plant sample, chlorogenic acid. Results indicated that aqueous and methanolic extracts of S. ebulus fruits were affected by simulated human digestion, alterations in antioxidant activity were consistent with the changes in the phenolics. Chlorogenic acid bioavailability rates were calculated as 45.8 and 51.9% for methanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was reduced to 37 ± 0.5 from 82 ± 4 (AAE)/g DE for methanolic extracts after the digestion process.
•Mechanistically different tests were applied for antioxidant potential and anti-diabetic activity of Hypericum olympicum L.•In vitro phenolic bioavailability of Hypericum olympicum L. was ...measured.•Chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin were found to be bioavailable.•Antioxidant activities and anti-diabetic activities were affected by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
The genus Hypericum has been utilized in traditional medicine in several parts of the world since ancient times. The utmost activities have been associated with the natural pharmaceuticals prepared from Hypericum species due to their unique chemical profile. In the present study, Hypericum olympicum L. extracts before and after being processing in an in vitro simulated digestion system were submitted to in vitro anti-diabetic assays, i.e., α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays and antiglycation assay. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is one of the most precursor molecules for the complications of diabetes mellitus. In oxidative stress conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and AGEs production increase significantly inside the cells. Furthermore, mechanistically different antioxidant assays, including free radical scavenging and metal-reducing activities, and the total antioxidant capacity assay were conducted. Major flavonoid glycosides (rutin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin) and the main phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid) in the extracts and their bioaccessibilities were also determined by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The results indicated that amounts of all phenolic compounds analyzed in this study increased throughout in vitro simulated gastric system in comparison with non-digested fraction. Moreover, the results demonstrated that anti-diabetic activity and antioxidant capacity of the extract increased remarkably following the simulation process.
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