Antibiotics in Endodontics: a review Segura‐Egea, J. J.; Gould, K.; Şen, B. Hakan ...
International endodontic journal,
December 2017, Letnik:
50, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The overuse of antibiotics and the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains is a global concern. This concern is also of importance in terms of the oral microbiota and the use of ...antibiotics to deal with oral and dental infections. The aim of this paper was to review the current literature on the indications and use of antibiotics and to make recommendations for their prescription in endodontic patients. Odontogenic infections, including endodontic infections, are polymicrobial, and in most cases, the prescription of antibiotics is empirical. This has led to the increasing use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics even in cases where antibiotics are not indicated, such as symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, necrotic pulps and localized acute apical abscesses. In case of discrete and localized swelling, the primary aim is to achieve drainage without additional antibiotics. Adjunctive antibiotic treatment may be necessary in the prevention of the spread of infection, in acute apical abscesses with systemic involvement and in progressive and persistent infections. Medically compromised patients are more susceptible to complication arising from odontogenic infections and antimicrobials have a more specific role in their treatment. Therefore, antibiotics should be considered in patients having systemic diseases with compromised immunity or in patients with a localized congenital or acquired altered defence capacity, such as patients with infective endocarditis, prosthetic cardiac valves or recent prosthetic joint replacement. Penicillin VK, possibly combined with metronidazole to cover anaerobic strains, is still effective in most cases. However, amoxicillin (alone or together with clavulanic acid) is recommended because of better absorption and lower risk of side effects. In case of confirmed penicillin allergy, lincosamides such as clindamycin are the drug of choice.
This position statement represents a consensus of an expert committee convened by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) on Antibiotics in Endodontics. The statement is based on current ...scientific evidence as well as the expertise of the committee. The goal is to provide dentists and other healthcare workers with evidence‐based criteria for when to use antibiotics in the treatment of endodontic infections, traumatic injuries of the teeth, revascularization procedures in immature teeth with pulp necrosis, and in prophylaxis for medically compromised patients. It also highlights the role that dentists and others can play in preventing the overuse of antibiotics. A recent review article provides the basis for this position statement and more detailed background information (International Endodontic Journal, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12741). Given the dynamic nature of research in this area, this position statement will be updated at appropriate intervals.
PURPOSETo evaluate the accuracy of available bone width, height, and length measurements on pre-planned implant sites using CBCT images scanned at different angulations of the mandible. MATERIALS AND ...METHODSStandard cylindrical holes were prepared on six dry human mandibles and filled with warm gutta-percha to create spherical markers for measurements of available bone width, height, and length. Mandibles were first scanned with a CBCT device in an ideal position with the occlusal plane parallel to the horizontal plane. Then, images of the mandibles were obtained in rotation, tilt, flexion, and extension positions using 5- and 10-degree angulations. Measurements were done on a total of 54 images. Original dimensions of the available bone for planned implant sites were measured with a digital caliper on dry mandibles as the gold standard. The absolute values of the differences between each measurement and the gold standard were obtained for measurement errors. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test were used for comparisons (P = .05). Intraobserver and interobserver agreement was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTSICC was excellent for both intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. No significant difference was found between length and height measurements in ideal position and in rotation, tilt, flexion, and extension movements of mandibles at two different angulations (P > .05). Width measurements revealed a significant difference among ideal measurements and measurements at 10-degree flexion, 10-degree extension, 10-degree rotation, and 10-degree tilted mandibular positions (P < .05). CONCLUSIONThe position of the occlusal plane with respect to the floor during the CBCT scan may have a clinically significant effect on dental implant site dimensions.
Contemporary cardiac and heart rate monitoring devices capture physiological signals using optical and electrode-based sensors. However, these devices generally lack the form factor and mechanical ...flexibility necessary for use in ambulatory and home environments. Here, we report an ultrathin (~1 mm average thickness) and highly flexible wearable cardiac sensor (WiSP) designed to be minimal in cost (disposable), light weight (1.2 g), water resistant, and capable of wireless energy harvesting. Theoretical analyses of system-level bending mechanics show the advantages of WiSP's flexible electronics, soft encapsulation layers and bioadhesives, enabling intimate skin coupling. A clinical feasibility study conducted in atrial fibrillation patients demonstrates that the WiSP device effectively measures cardiac signals matching the Holter monitor, and is more comfortable. WiSP's physical attributes and performance results demonstrate its utility for monitoring cardiac signals during daily activity, exertion and sleep, with implications for home-based care.
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the morphology of c-shaped root canal(s) in mandibular premolars using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and ...Methods CBCT images of 1095 mandibular premolars were examined at coronal, middle, and apical levels of the root canals. The type, the level, and the position (buccal or lingual) of the c-shaped anatomy were recorded. Absolute counts and percentages of different groups and subgroups of C-shape morphologies were calculated. The Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of C-shaped morphology between mandibular first and second premolars. The Z-test for proportions in independent groups was used to analyze the differences in mandibular C-shaped premolar proportions between location (left and right side) and tooth (first or second premolars) (p=0.05). Results C-shaped root canal morphology was present in 44 teeth. The percentage of c-shaped morphologies was 6.9% and 1.6% in mandibular first and second premolars, respectively. Comparison of the first and the second premolars showed that C1 type (p=0.008) and C4b type (p=0.013) configurations are more common in the first premolars at the coronal level. In contrast, the C2 type configuration showed significantly higher prevalence in the second premolars (p=0.009). Additionally, the C4c type configuration was significantly frequent on the right premolars at the coronal level (p=0.038). Conclusion C-shape canal morphology is a rare but complex anatomic feature in mandibular premolars. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of this complex root canal anatomy for the success of endodontic treatment in mandibular premolar teeth. Keywords: C-shaped configuration, cone beam computed tomography, mandibular premolar, prevalence study, root canal anatomy
Abstract Introduction The purpose of the study was to analyze pixel intensity (PI) and fractal dimension (FD) values in radiographs of chemically created but visually undetectable periapical lesions. ...Methods Artificial lesions were created by applying 70% perchloric acid to the sockets of left and right first premolars in 12 cadaver mandibles. For preparation of relatively small lesions, the acid was applied for 30 and 60 minutes. Before and after each acid application, radiographs were taken (60 kVp, 7 mA, and 1.5 mm Al equivalent filtration for 0.12 second) with storage phosphor plates. An optical bench was used to standardize projection geometry. Image plates were scanned immediately after exposure, and the acquired images were saved uncompressed in TIF format. Six observers evaluated the images by using a 5-grade scale, and the images scored as “definitely absent” by all observers were used for the calculations of PI and FD. Box-counting FDs and differences in mean PI were computed for regions of interest at the apical areas of each premolar. Repeated-measures analysis of variance, Tukey test, and Pearson correlation coefficient test were used for statistical analysis. Results A significant difference was found in FD values after both acid application periods ( P < .05), whereas a difference in PI was detected only in images obtained after 60-minute acid application ( P < .05). There was a negative correlation between FD and PI values (−0.754, P < .05). Conclusions Calculation of FD can be a tool for the early detection of periapical lesions given the presence of baseline radiographs.
In this study, the aligned (A) and randomly oriented (R) polycaprolactone (PCL-A and PCL-R) and PCL/collagen (PCL/Col-A and PCL/Col-R) nanofibers were electrospun onto smooth PCL membranes (PCLMs) ...prepared by solvent casting. In order to investigate the effects of chemical composition and nanotopography of fibrous surfaces on proliferation and on neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipose and bone marrow-derived rat MSCs (AdMSCs and BMSCs) were cultivated in suitable media i.e. inducing medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and cell maintenance medium (CMM). BMSCs adhered and proliferated on all nanofibrous membranes more efficiently than AdMSCs. PCL/Col-A was found as the most convenient surface supporting proliferation in both cell types. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that BMSCs and AdMSCs are prone for differentiation to oligodendrocytes more than they differentiate to other neuronal cell types. PCL-A nanofibrous membranes supported differentiation of MSCs to O4+ (an oligodendrocytes surface antigen) cells in both culture media. The intensity of immunoreactivity of O4+ cells differentiated from BMSCs on PCL-A was highest when compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). Some BIII-T signed neural cells were investigated on PCL-A nanofibrous membranes, but the intensity of immunoreactivity was lower than that of O4+ cells. In conclusion, this study can be evaluated to establish the cell therapy strategies in neurodegenerative disorders, which are relevant to oligodendrocyte abstinence using BMSCs or AdMSCs on aligned nanofibrous membranes.
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of F-speed film and storage phosphor plate (SPP) exposed with different exposure times for the detection of artificial enamel ...subsurface demineralization. Study Design Standard enamel windows of extracted premolars were exposed to a demineralizing solution. All teeth were radiographed before and after acid application with F-speed films and SPPs. Films were exposed for 0.25 seconds and SPPs were exposed using 4 exposure times. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used for diagnostic accuracy (Az ). Results Significant differences were obtained among Az s of 0.08- versus 0.12-seconds and 0.10- versus 0.12-second exposed SPPs ( P < .05). Az s of films were higher than the SPPs exposed with 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 seconds ( P < .05). No difference was found between the Az s of the 2 systems when SPPs were exposed for 0.16 seconds ( P > .05). Conclusions Diagnostic accuracy of films and SPPs was not impaired when exposure time was 36% reduced for the latter; however, diagnosis was impaired when reduced 52%.
Abstract The aims of this study were to compare film and digital radiography in assessing the radiopacities of root canal sealers and to establish the relation in aluminum equivalent values of ...different methods. Standard disks of 5 different sealers were exposed together with an aluminum step wedge by using occlusal films and storage phosphor plates. Optical density of the sealers was evaluated by transmission densitometry, and mean gray values were determined by digital analysis. The data were analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance ( P = .05). Pairwise comparisons were made by using Tukey post hoc and paired t tests ( P = .05). The order from the most radiopaque to the most radiolucent sealer was the same for both methods; however, aluminum equivalent values determined by transmission densitometry were significantly higher ( P < .01). Aluminum equivalent values of the 2 radiographic methods were 7%–20% different. The International Standards Organization standard for the radiopacity of dental root canal sealing materials needs modifications for digital systems.
The aim of this study was to test the effect of different kilovoltage, milliampere, and exposure time settings on the radiopacity of two endodontic sealers using an image plate system.
MM-Seal ...(MicroMega, Besancon, France) and Diaket (3M Espe, Seefeld, Germany) were packed into a polytetrafluoroethylene ring mold with an internal diameter of 10mm and a depth of 1mm. Five discs of each material were imaged alongside an aluminum step-wedge. Sets of radiographs were obtained using storage phosphor plates (SPPs). The SPPs were exposed at 60, 65, or 70kVp, 7 or 8mA for 0.12 or 0.16s. Radiographic densities of the sealers and each step of the step-wedge were analyzed with Image Tool 3.0 SDK software (University of Texas Health Sciences Center, TX, USA). Three readings were made for each image. The mean was calculated to give the radiographic density expressed as mean gray values. Three-way ANOVA was used to test the differences in radiopacity of sealers with respect to kilovoltage, milliampere, exposure time, and the interaction of the three factors.
No significant difference in sealers’ radiopacity was found with change in three exposure parameters (p>0.05). However, standard deviations of the measurements for lower exposures were greater; MM-Seal was significantly more radiopaque than Diaket (p<0.0001) at any parameter.
Differences in kilovoltage, milliampere, and exposure time do not affect the radiopacity measurements of sealers on SPP images. However, choosing the proper exposure parameters may optimize the gray value range of the sealers allowing for better discrimination of the sealer and surrounding structures thereby providing better clinical guidance.
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