The quantity and quality of seedlings in the nursery has an impact on the success of re-establishment and later growth. High germination rates enable a sufficient number of seedlings, and their ...quality is assessed using a number of parameters, including seedling height and root collar diameter. These parameters are influenced in some species by seed size, but the correlation between them is species-specific. The model species in this research was sweet chestnut (Castaneasativa Mill.), and seeds from 12 populations from two distinct biogeographical regions of Croatia were collected. We examined the influence of seed size on four parameters: germination rate, seedling height, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient. Seed size has been shown to have a positive influence on both seedling height and root collar diameter, whereas no such correlation was noted for germination rate and sturdiness quotient. Significant differences in nut size and seedling growth parameters were found between the Mediterranean and continental populations, with higher values observed in the coastal Mediterranean populations. We concluded that seed origin and seed size have a significant impact on seedling growth and are important factors to consider when choosing seed material. Further nursery operations should consider seed origin and local environmental conditions when choosing seedlings for reforestation efforts and general forest operations.
The increased frequency of climate change-induced droughts poses a survival challenge for forest trees, particularly for the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Drought conditions adversely affect ...water supply and nutrient uptake, yet there is limited understanding of the intricate interplay between nutrient availability and drought stress on the physiology, growth, and biomass accumulation in young trees. We aimed to address this knowledge gap by examining the effects of irrigation and fertilisation and their interaction with various parameters in common beech saplings, including foliar and root N, P, and K concentrations; height and diameter increments; and aboveground and belowground biomass production. Our findings revealed that a higher fertilisation dose increased nutrient availability, also partially mitigating immediate drought impacts on foliar N concentrations. Also, higher fertilisation supported the post-drought recovery of foliar phosphorus levels in saplings. Prolonged drought affected nitrogen and potassium foliar concentrations, illustrating the lasting physiological impact of drought on beech trees. While drought-stressed beech saplings exhibited reduced height increment and biomass production, increased nutrient availability positively impacted root collar diameters. These insights have potential implications for forest management practices, afforestation strategies, and our broader understanding of the ecological consequences of climate change on forests.
U ovome radu prikazani su rezultati rasta bukovih sadnica pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishrane s dušikom (N), fosforom (P), magnezijem (Mg) i željezom (Fe). Cilj rada bio je približiti ovu problematiku ...šumarskoj praksi kroz raspravu dobivenih rezultata u kontekstu dosadašnjih spoznaja o rastu biljaka pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishrane s mineralnim hranivima. U rano proljeće 2019. godine 30 bukovih jedinki u razvojnom stadiju ponika, porijeklom iz jedne prirodne mješovite sastojine hrasta kitnjaka i obične bukve, presađeno je u sterilni supstrat (agroperlit). Nakon presadnje tijekom sljedeće tri godine po šest presađenih biljaka redovito je zalijevano (tretirano) s kompletnom hranjivom otopinom (KO tretman), odnosno hranivim otopinama u kojima su izostavljeni dušik (-N tretman), fosfor (-P tretman), magnezij (-Mg tretman) ili željezo (-Fe tretman). Prema tomu, na šest biljaka unutar svakog od pet prethodno opisanih tretmana bilježeni su početak i trajanje razvoja lišća (2020. i 2021. godine), broj listova te prosječna i ukupna površina lišća (2019., 2020. i 2021. godina). Promjer stabljike na vratu korijena i visina stabljike mjereni su u proljeće 2019. i jesen 2021. godine, na temelju čega je izračunat debjinski i visinski prirast bukovih sadnica, te njihova vitkost na početku i na kraju pokusa. Uz to, tretiranim sadnicama utvrđena je masa suhe tvari lišća, stabljike i korijenja te ukupna dužina krupnog i sitnog korijenja, kao i broj račvanja i vrhova sitnog korijenja, što je obavljeno u jesen 2021. godine nakon njihova vađenja iz agroperlita. Na temelju usporedbe dobivenih rezultata između biljaka u kontrolnom i ostalim tretmanima bilo je moguće zaključiti da je pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishrane bukovih sadnica s P došlo je do odgode proljetnog otvaranja pupova i početka razvoja lišća. Najsporiji razvoj lišća zabilježen je pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti s N i Mg. Prosječna površina lišća nije bila značajnije utjecana suboptimalnom ishranjenošću niti s jednim hranivom. Smanjenje broja listova i njihove ukupne površine pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti sa svim hranivima zabilježeno je tek u posljednjoj godini provedbe pokusa. Debljinski i visinski prirast stabljike također su bili negativno utjecani suboptimalnom ishranjenošću sa svim hranivima, a smanjena vitkosti sadnica zabilježena je samo pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti s Fe. Ukupna, duljina krupnog i sitnog korijenja također je bila negativno utjecana suboptimalnom ishranjenošću sa svim hranivima, izuzev N. Pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti s N došlo je do povećanja ukupne dužine sitnoga korijenja, kao i do povećanja broja račvanja i vrhova sitnog korijenja. Unatoč tomu, na masu suhe tvari krupnog i sitnog korijenja suboptimalna ishranjenost sa svim hranivima imala je negativan utjecaj, uključujući i N.
U ovome radu prikazani su rezultati rasta bukovih sadnica pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishrane s dušikom (N), fosforom (P), magnezijem (Mg) i željezom (Fe). Cilj rada bio je približiti ovu problematiku ...šumarskoj praksi kroz raspravu dobivenih rezultata u kontekstu dosadašnjih spoznaja o rastu biljaka pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishrane s mineralnim hranivima. U rano proljeće 2019. godine 30 bukovih jedinki u razvojnom stadiju ponika, porijeklom iz jedne prirodne mješovite sastojine hrasta kitnjaka i obične bukve, presađeno je u sterilni supstrat (agroperlit). Nakon presadnje tijekom sljedeće tri godine po šest presađenih biljaka redovito je zalijevano (tretirano) s kompletnom hranjivom otopinom (KO tretman), odnosno hranivim otopinama u kojima su izostavljeni dušik (-N tretman), fosfor (-P tretman), magnezij (-Mg tretman) ili željezo (-Fe tretman). Prema tomu, na šest biljaka unutar svakog od pet prethodno opisanih tretmana bilježeni su početak i trajanje razvoja lišća (2020. i 2021. godine), broj listova te prosječna i ukupna površina lišća (2019., 2020. i 2021. godina). Promjer stabljike na vratu korijena i visina stabljike mjereni su u proljeće 2019. i jesen 2021. godine, na temelju čega je izračunat debjinski i visinski prirast bukovih sadnica, te njihova vitkost na početku i na kraju pokusa. Uz to, tretiranim sadnicama utvrđena je masa suhe tvari lišća, stabljike i korijenja te ukupna dužina krupnog i sitnog korijenja, kao i broj račvanja i vrhova sitnog korijenja, što je obavljeno u jesen 2021. godine nakon njihova vađenja iz agroperlita. Na temelju usporedbe dobivenih rezultata između biljaka u kontrolnom i ostalim tretmanima bilo je moguće zaključiti da je pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishrane bukovih sadnica s P došlo je do odgode proljetnog otvaranja pupova i početka razvoja lišća. Najsporiji razvoj lišća zabilježen je pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti s N i Mg. Prosječna površina lišća nije bila značajnije utjecana suboptimalnom ishranjenošću niti s jednim hranivom. Smanjenje broja listova i njihove ukupne površine pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti sa svim hranivima zabilježeno je tek u posljednjoj godini provedbe pokusa. Debljinski i visinski prirast stabljike također su bili negativno utjecani suboptimalnom ishranjenošću sa svim hranivima, a smanjena vitkosti sadnica zabilježena je samo pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti s Fe. Ukupna, duljina krupnog i sitnog korijenja također je bila negativno utjecana suboptimalnom ishranjenošću sa svim hranivima, izuzev N. Pod utjecajem suboptimalne ishranjenosti s N došlo je do povećanja ukupne dužine sitnoga korijenja, kao i do povećanja broja račvanja i vrhova sitnog korijenja. Unatoč tomu, na masu suhe tvari krupnog i sitnog korijenja suboptimalna ishranjenost sa svim hranivima imala je negativan utjecaj, uključujući i N.
This paper presents the results of beech seedling growth under the influence of suboptimal nutrition with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe). The aim of the paper was to bring this issue closer to forestry practice through the discussion of the obtained results in the context of current knowledge on plant growth under the influence of suboptimal nutrition with mineral nutrients. In the early spring of 2019 year, 30 beech seedlings originating from one natural mixed stand of sessile oak and common beech were transplanted into a sterile substrate (agroperlite). After transplanting, over the next three years six transplanted plants for each treatment were regularly watered (treated) with a complete nutrient solution (KO treatment), or nutrient solutions in which nitrogen (-N treatment), phosphorus (-P treatment), magnesium (-Mg treatment) or iron (-Fe treatment) was omitted. Therefore, the beginning and duration of leaf development (2020 and 2021), the number of leaves and the average and total leaf area (2019, 2020 and 2021) were recorded on six plants within each of the five previously described treatments. The root collar diameter and the height of the stem were measured in spring 2019 and autumn 2021, based on which the diameter and height increment of beech seedlings and their slenderness at the beginning and end of the experiment were calculated. In addition, on the treated saplings we determined the dry mass of leaves, stems and roots, and the total length of coarse and fine roots as well as the number of forks and tips of fine roots, which was done in autumn 2021 after their removal from agroperlite. Based on the comparison of the obtained results between the plants in the control and other treatments, it was possible to conclude the following. Under the impact of suboptimal nutrition of beech saplings with P there was a delay in spring bud burst and the beginning of leaf development. The slowest leaf development was observed under the impact of suboptimal nutrition with N and Mg. The average leaf area was not significantly affected by suboptimal nutrition with any nutrient. The decrease in the number of leaves and their total area under the impact of suboptimal nutrition with all nutrients was recorded only in the last year of the experiment. Stem diameter and height increments were also negatively affected by suboptimal nutrition with all nutrients, and reduced saplings slenderness was observed only under the impact of suboptimal Fe nutrition. The total length of coarse and fine roots was also negatively affected by suboptimal nutrition with all nutrients except N. Under the impact of suboptimal N nutrition, there was an increase in the total length of the fine roots as well as an increase in the number of forks and tips of the fine roots. Nevertheless, suboptimal nutrition with all nutrients had a negative effect on the dry mass of coarse and fine roots, including N.
U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja laboratorijske klijavosti i morfoloških značajki klijanaca europskoga pitomoga kestena (
Castanea
sativa
Mill.). Uzorci za istraživanja sakupljeni su u ...submediteranskom području Hrvatske, a radni uzorak za ispitivanje klijavosti iznosio je 8×25 sjemenki. Sjeme je do ispitivanja klijavosti čuvano tri mjeseca u hladnjaku na temperaturi od 3 °C. Postotak laboratorijske klijavosti utvrđen je prema postotku pravilnih klijanaca koji su normalno proklijali nakon 27 dana ispitivanja. Ispitivanje je provedeno u laboratoriju prema uvjetima koje propisuje ISTA (
International Seed Testing Association
). Izrađen je katalog sa slikama i opisom nepravilnih klijanaca. Na osnovi definiranih kodova nepravilnih klijanaca moguće je preventivno djelovati kako bi se reducirale nepoželjne jedinke. Rezultati ovog istraživanja od velike su koristi za razumijevanje složenoga procesa klijanja sjemena, kako u laboratoriju, tako i šumskim rasadnicima.
The paper presents the results of laboratory germination testing and morphological characteristics of sweet chestnut (
Castanea
sativa
Mill.) seedlings. The research samples were collected in the sub-Mediterranean region of Croatia, and the working sample for germination testing was 8×25 seeds. Prior to germination testing, the seeds were stored in a refrigerator for three months at 3°C. The percentage of laboratory germination was established according to the percentage of regular seedlings which germinated normally after 27 days of testing. The testing was carried out in a laboratory under the conditions prescribed by ISTA (International Seed Testing Association). A digital photo camera was used to take photos of all abnormal seedlings, which were then catalogued with their pictures and descriptions. The results of this research are very useful for nursery practice and can be applied in producing plants from seeds, rootstocks for grafting, and further raising of seedlings to be grown in plantations.
Šume hrasta crnike u Hrvatskoj nalaze u raznim degradacijskim stadijima, a jedan od njih je i makija koja je nepovoljniji stadij za klijanje sjemenki hrasta crnike u usporedbi sa crnikovim panjačama ...ili sastojinama visokog uzgojnog oblika. Crnika je kserofitna vrsta šumskog drveća. Geološku podlogu na kojoj dolazi crnika čine vapnenci i dolomiti koji su i najzastupljeniji na našem sredozemnom području. Crnika počinje cvjetati u osmoj godini života, rodi sjemenom u dobi 12. do 15. godine, a puni urod je svake 4. do 6. godine. Urod žira hrasta crnike je varijabilan, gdje su u osmogodišnjem periodu zabilježena tri obilna uroda žira. Puni urod hrasta crnike ovisi o klimatskim prilikama, ali se značajno razlikuje i između različitih staništa, posebice s obzirom na geološku podlogu i tip tla. Za laboratorijske analize, žir hrasta crnike sakupljen je na području G.J. „Kamenjak“ na otoku Rabu. Navedenom G.J. upravljaju „Hrvatske šume d.o.o.“. Sjeme je sakupljeno u odijelima 15a, 16a, 26a i 27a u periodu od 01. 12. 2020. do 10. 01. 2021. Sakupljanje je obavljeno metodom stresanja žira sa stabala na postavljene prostirke ispod krošanja i metodom sakupljanja otpalog žira s tla. Procjena vitaliteta sjemena metodom tetrazola i laboratorijske klijavosti napravljena je prema ISTA pravilima za hrast crniku. Postotak laboratorijske klijavosti utvrđen je prema postotku pravilnih klijanaca koji su normalno proklijali nakon 35. dana ispitivanja. Ukupni vitalitet žira hrasta crnike bio je visok i iznosio je 90,25 %, dok su ostatak od 9,75 % činile nevitalne sjemenke. Od vitalnog sjemena najveći postotak (79,50 %) čini sjeme kojemu je potpuno obojen embrij i kotiledoni. Žira s kotiledonima koji ima nekroze do 1/3 na distalnom dijelu, a nisu povezane sa embrionalnom šupljinom bilo je 10,75 %. U prvih sedam dana nije proklijao niti jedan žir pa je energija klijavosti iznosila 0,00 %. U prvih 14 dana laboratorijska klijavost je iznosila je 30,50 %, nakon 21. dana 76,50 %, nakon 28. dana 83,75 % te nakon 35. dana 88,50 %. Razlika između procjene vitaliteta žira i ukupne laboratorijske klijavosti iznosila je svega 1,75 %. Metoda procjene vitaliteta je brža i jeftinija od ispitivanja klijavosti. Rezultate procjene vitaliteta dobivamo za 18 sati, dok klijavost ispitujemo 28 ili 35 dana. Za praksu se može na osnovu rezultata ovih istraživanja predložiti ispitivanje vitaliteta žira hrasta crnike, a ne laboratorijske klijavosti kako preporučuju ISTA pravila (1993). Prosječno vrijeme klijanja (MGT) iznosilo je 19,91 dana. Pravilnih klijanaca bilo je 74,25 %, a nepravilnih 14,25 %. Na kraju ispitivanja utvrđeno je 8,50 % okularno zdravog žira koji nije proklijao dok je gnjilog žira bilo 3,00 %. Najčešća nepravilnost u iznosu od 56,14 % utvrđena je za kategoriju dva spojena klijanca, slijedi nekroza primarnih listova (12,28 %) i zakržljao primarni korijen (10,53 %). Ostale nepravilnosti pojavljuju se u manje od 10 % slučajeva.
Holm oak forests in Croatia are in various stages of degradation, and one of them is maquis, which is a less favorable stage for the germination of holm oak seeds compared to holm oak stumps or stands of high growth form. Holm oak is a xerophytic species of forest trees. From the geological base, it comes from limestone, which is the most common in our Mediterranean area, and dolomite. Begins to flower in the eighth year of life, and the seed harvest begins at the age of 12 to 15 years, and the full harvest is every 4 to 6 years. The holm oak acorn crop is variable, where three abundant acorn crops were recorded in the eight-year period. The full harvest of holm oak depends on climatic conditions, but it also differs significantly between different habitats, especially the geological base and soil type. For laboratory analyses, holm oak acorns were collected in the area of G.J. "Kamenjak" on the island of Rab. The aforementioned G.J. managed by "Hrvatske šume d.o.o." The seeds were collected in department unit 15a, 16a, 26a and 27a in the period from 01/12/2020 to 10/01/2021. The collection was carried out using the method of shaking acorns from the trees onto mats placed under the canopy and the method of collecting fallen acorns from the ground. Assessment of seed vitality using the tetrazole method and laboratory germination was made according to the ISTA rules for holm oak. The percentage of laboratory germination was determined according to the percentage of normal seedlings that germinated normally after the 35th day of testing. The total vitality of holm oak acorns was high and amounted to 90.25 %, while the rest of 9.75 % consisted of non-vital seeds. Of the vital seeds, the largest percentage (79.50 %) consists of seeds with fully colored embryo and cotyledons. Acorns with cotyledons that has necrosis up to 1/3 on the distal part and are not connected to the embryonic cavity was 10.75 %. In the first seven days, not a single acorn germinated, so the germination energy was 0.00 %. In the first 14 days, laboratory germination was 30.50 %, after the 21st day 76.50 %, after the 28th day 83.75 % and after the 35th day 88.50 %. The difference between the assessment of acorn vitality and total laboratory germination was only 1.75 %. The vitality assessment method is faster and cheaper than the germination test. We get the results of the vitality assessment in 18 hours, while we test the germination after 28 or 35 days. Practical procedures can be based on the results of these studies suggest testing the vitality of the holm oak and not the laboratory germination as recommended by the ISTA rules. The average germination time (MGT) was 19.91 days. There were 74.25 % of regular seedlings and 14.25 % of irregular ones. At the end of the test, 8.50 % of the visually healthy acorns did not germinate, while 3.00 % of the rotten acorns were found. The most common irregularity in the amount of 56.14 % was determined for the category of two joined seedlings, followed by necrosis of primary leaves (12.28 %) and stunted primary root (10.53 %). Other irregularities appear in less than 10,00 % of cases.
Vjetrozaštitni pojasi uspostavljaju se kao barijere od redova stabala ili grmlja koje se sade s namjenom reduciranja brzine vjetra, smanjenja evapotranspiracije, zaštite od eolske erozije, ...istovremeno izravno se koriste za zaštitu kultura i nasada te osiguravaju povoljnije stanišne uvjete. Jedna od bitnih pretpostavki uspjeha podizanja pojasa je korištenje autohtonih vrsta drveća i grmlja prilagođenih na stanišne uvjete. Tehnologije i postupci zaštite mogu biti usmjerene na biološko-tehničke postupke pošumljivanja i podizanja nasada s ciljem ublažavanja udara vjetra. Izbor biljnih vrsta za podizanje nasada uvjetovan je različitim klimatskim zonama, biološko-ekološkim značajkama vrsta, ali i kompoziciji s ostalim elementima krajobraza. Zaštita od vjetra postavlja se prema pravcu udara glavnog vjetra. Uspostava vjetrozaštitnih pojasa ponajprije smanjuje snagu vjetra i reducira njegovu brzinu. Na taj način ublažavaju se klimatski ekstremi povezani s olujnim vjetrom (na kršu se ponajprije radi o buri) i utječe na mikroklimatske uvjete, što u konačnici može osigurati zaštitu poljoprivrednog i šumskog zemljišta.
Windbreaks are established as barriers of rows of trees or shrubs that are planted to reduce wind speed, reduce evapotranspiration, protect against aeolian erosion, while being used directly to protect crops and plantations and provide favorable habitat conditions. One of the essential preconditions for the success of belt raising is the use of indigenous species that are adapted to habitat conditions. Technologies and protection procedures can be focused on biological-technical procedures of afforestation and raising plantations with the aim of mitigating wind gusts. The goal of windbreaks and raising plantations with different species is shown in the following figures (Figures 3,4,5,6,7). The choice of plant species for raising plantations is conditioned by different climatic zones, biological and ecological characteristics of the species, but also the composition with other elements of the landscape. An important feature of windbreaks is their wind permeability and impact on wind speed. Permeability depends on the habitus of the plant, and the type of trees and shrubs. The density of the windbreak changes its impact and effectiveness; the permeable belt ensures a balanced distribution as part of the wind skips it and part passes through the belt. The wind protection is placed in the direction of the main wind. Technical wind protection procedures include the construction of barriers made of building materials such as brick, stone, timber, glass, hard plastic or a combination of several types of materials (Figures 1 and 2). Biological procedures in terms of species selection and consideration of habitat conditions are much more complex. All this in the context of frequent changes in the “wind structure” in the karst area. Belt lifting can be differentiated according to purpose and expected performance as follows: impermeable belt, semi-permeable and permeable belt. The establishment of windbreaks primarily reduces wind strength and reduces its speed. In this way, the climatic extremes associated with the stormy wind are alleviated (the karst is primarily a bora) and it affects the microclimatic conditions, which can ultimately ensure the protection of agricultural and forest land.
U današnje vrijeme građani i turisti sve više vole što prirodniji krajobraz za svoj odmor i rekreaciju. To mogu biti šumski predjeli, park šume, parkovi i druge površine s određenim više ili manje ...uređenim biljnim pokrovom. Nekim takvim predjelima je zbog posljedica neodržavanja smanjena ukupna estetska i funkcionalna vrijednost. Cilj ovog rada je inventarizacija sadašnjeg stanja dendroflore te dati prijedlog uređenja cjelokupnog prostora s prijedlogom kao dopuna postojećoj dendroflori parka Sv. Marina koji predstavlja značajni, dijelom antropogenizirani prirodni krajobraz koji se nalazi u istočnom dijelu općine Lopar na otoku Rabu i zauzima površinu od 4,75 ha. To je područje koje je prije jednog stoljeća pošumljeno i danas dijelom u funkciji urbane šume i parka. U njemu se ne provode šumarske hortikulturne mjere održavanja i njege što je dovelo do prirodne sukcesije šumske vegetacije. Cijelo područje predstavlja veliki prostorni i prirodni potencijal da ga se uredi i određenim sadržajima osmisli. Na osnovi biološko-ekološke i prostorne analize i mogućim funkcionalnim gospodarskim razvojem ovog prostora analizirano je ranije izrađeno idejno rješenje cjelokupnog prostora koji je definiran u tri funkcionalne, ali povezane zone: hotel, plato (trg), park. Novo uređenje cjelokupnog područja i parka kroz dano idejno rješenje prožeto je tradicionalnim mediteranskim duhom uz upotrebu lokalnih stilskih obilježja (biljni materijali i vrtno-građevinski elementi). Ono se također poklapa s namjenom sukladno prostorno planskim rješenjima. Uređenjem ovog područja dobiva se prostor od turističkog i sociološkog značaja.
Today, citizens and tourists prefer a more natural landscape for their vacation and recreation. Be they forest areas, forest parks, parks and other areas with a certain more or less organized plant cover. Due to the consequences of non-maintenance, the total aesthetic and functional value of such areas has been reduced. The aim of this paper is to listr the current state of the dendroflora and to provide a proposal for the arrangement of the entire area with a proposal as a supplement to the existing dendroflora of the St. Marin park that represents a significant, partly anthropogenic natural landscape located in the eastern part of the municipality of Lopar on the island of Rab and occupies an area of 4.75 ha. This is an area that was reforested a century ago and today is partly used as an urban forest and park. Forest horticultural maintenance and care are not carried out, which led to the natural succession of forest vegetation. The whole area represents a great spatial and natural potential to be arranged and designed with certain contents. On the basis of the biological-ecological and spatial analysis and the possible functional economic development of this space, an earlier conceptual solution of the entire space was analyzed, which was defined in three functional but connected zones: hotel, plateau (square) and park. The new arrangement of the entire area and the park through the given conceptual solution is imbued with the traditional Mediterranean spirit with the use of local stylistic features (plant materials and garden-building elements). It also coincides with the purpose according to spatial planning solutions. The arrangement of this area creates a space of tourist and sociological importance.
The increased frequency of climate change-induced droughts poses a survival challenge for forest trees, particularly for the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Drought conditions adversely affect ...water supply and nutrient uptake, yet there is limited understanding of the intricate interplay between nutrient availability and drought stress on the physiology, growth, and biomass accumulation in young trees. We aimed to address this knowledge gap by examining the effects of irrigation and fertilisation and their interaction with various parameters in common beech saplings, including foliar and root N, P, and K concentrations; height and diameter increments; and aboveground and belowground biomass production. Our findings revealed that a higher fertilisation dose increased nutrient availability, also partially mitigating immediate drought impacts on foliar N concentrations. Also, higher fertilisation supported the post-drought recovery of foliar phosphorus levels in saplings. Prolonged drought affected nitrogen and potassium foliar concentrations, illustrating the lasting physiological impact of drought on beech trees. While drought-stressed beech saplings exhibited reduced height increment and biomass production, increased nutrient availability positively impacted root collar diameters. These insights have potential implications for forest management practices, afforestation strategies, and our broader understanding of the ecological consequences of climate change on forests.
Maruni su selekcionirane sorte europskog pitomog kestena, uzgajane radi krupnoće i kvalitete plodova. Većina zemalja u kojima raste europski pitomi kesten ima svoje autohtone sorte, koje su dobivene ...dugotrajnom selekcijom i uzgojem, tijekom više stoljeća. Kultiviranje maruna ima dugu povijest u zapadnoj Hrvatskoj, većinom na području Lovrana i okolice. Nažalost, stabla maruna ugrožena su štetnicima i bolestima, kao i napuštanjem nasada, no dio uzgajivača i dalje njeguje tradicionalan način uzgoja. U ovome se radu daje pregled najčešćih metoda vegetativnog razmnožavanja pitomog kestena i maruna, kao i kraći pregled načina uzgoja, razmnožavanja te značaja nasada maruna u Hrvatskoj. Budući da je prenošenje istovjetnih karakteristika plodova s matične biljke na potomstvo moguće jedino izravnim prenošenjem genotipa roditeljske biljke, maruni se mogu razmnožavati samo vegetativnim metodama. Najčešća metoda vegetativnog razmnožavanja maruna, kao i pitomog kestena, u rasadnicima je cijepljenje. Ostale korištene metode vegetativnog razmnožavanja su razmnožavanje povaljenicama, reznicama i kulturom tkiva.
Selected varieties of sweet chestnut called marrons are cultivated for their large and exquisite fruits. Most of the countries with native sweet chestnut populations have their autochthonous varieties that were arduously created through selective breeding over many centuries. Marron cultivation has a long history in Croatia, mostly in the Lovran area and its surroundings. Although threatened by pests and diseases, as well as land abandonment, some growers still practice the traditional cultivation methods. This paper provides an overview of the most common vegetative propagation methods utilized for the sweet chestnut and marrons sapling production, as well as a shorter overview of cultivation methods, breeding, and the importance of marron plantations in Croatia. Identical fruit characteristics can be inherited by progenies only through faithful passing on of the parent’s genotype, thus marrons are propagated vegetatively. Grafting is the most common method of vegetative propagation of marrons in tree nurseries. Other vegetative methods discussed are propagation by layering, cuttings and tissue culture, occasionally used in the reproduction of sweet chestnut.
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