Europski prostor tijekom svoje novije povijesti (nakon II. svjetskog rata) bilježi velike i radikalne promjene glede graničnog režima i uloge granica. Od rigorozno čuvane granice i vrlo složenog ...postupka za ulaz u prostor Zapadne i Istočne Europe, posebno u njenom srednjem dijelu, posljednja dva desetljeća svjedoci smo liberalizacije graničnog režima. Nekadašnje ˝hermetički˝ zatvorene granice, koje su predstavljale velike gospodarske i političke zapreke, postale su tako znatno otvorenije, a promet ljudi, ideja i materijalnih dobara znatno liberalniji. Režim upravljanja vanskim granicama EU prolazi kroz transformaciju koja je bez presedana, čije su temeljne manifestacije ubrzana izgradnja pravnog okvira i institucionalizacija. U okviru implementacije novog sustava nadzora vanjskih granica EU, posebno u praktičnoj provedbi, javljaju se i mnoge kontroverze i problemi. Autor u radu, analizom postojeće regulative i njene praktične primjene, pokušava ukazati na neke od temeljnih kontroverzi i do sada uočene probleme, čije rješavanje bi moglo rezultirati uspostavom kvalitetnijeg sustava nadzora vanjskih granica šengenskog prostora, posebno glede zaštite temeljnih ljudskih prava.
Fenomenološka slika kriminala stalno se mijenja. U suvremenim uvjetima bilježimo porast ukupnosti kažnjivih ponašanja i brojnost novih pojavnih oblika, osobito teških kaznenih djela. Kao novi i ...naročito opasni oblici kriminaliteta najčešće se smatraju: organizirani kriminalitet, terorizam, gospodarski kriminalitet, korupcija, protuzakonita trgovina drogom, oružjem, ljudima i teški oblici nasilja. U posljednje vrijeme posebnu pažnju svih demokratskih snaga svijeta, i njihovih specijaliziranih službi, plijeni sve češća i intenzivnija sprega organiziranog kriminala i terorizma. Radi se o simbiozi koja bi osim potrebe osnivanja novih specijaliziranih službi mogla čak rezultirati i nekim promjenama u kaznenopravnoj teoriji i praksi. Autor u radu, u okviru analize sprege terorizma i organiziranog kriminala problematizira samo jedan aspekt te pojave, a to je onaj koji se bavi financiranjem terorizma i mjerama koje poduzimaju međunarodna zajednica i nacionalna zakonodavstva u okviru antiterorističke borbe, u namjeri da preventivno sprječavaju ne samo spregu terorističkih skupina i organiziranog kriminala u vršenju kriminalnih djela, već i disponiranje s tako stečenim financijskim sredstvima (financijske transakcije i ˝pranje novca˝). Radi se o mjerama koje imaju ne samo direktnog učinka na opstanak i aktivnosti terorističkih skupina u budućnosti, već imaju posredan utjecaj i na sveobuhvatnu borbu protiv organiziranog kriminala kao temeljne ugroze suvremne civilizacije.
Cijela vojna povijest ujedno je i povijest sporta i tjelovježbe. Za razliku od starog vijeka, i posebno antike, pa do modernog doba, suvremeni vojni sport kao da se danas nalazi u sivoj zoni. U ...društvenim okolnostima profesionalizacije sporta koji postaje visoko profitabilna djelatnost, i promijenjenoj ulozi vojske u postmodernom periodu, aktualizira se i problem tretmana vojnog sporta i njegove šire društvene uloge, pa se tako nameću i pitanja da li se može govoriti o suvremenom sportu u vojsci kao organiziranoj, natjecateljskoj aktivnosti, koja imaju svoja pravna pravila, i o vojnim sportašima kao sportašima koji se pripremaju i sudjeluju na sportskim natjecanjima, a ne o rekreativcima koji se sportom bave iz razonode u slobodno vrijeme ili na satovima tjelesne obuke? Takve rasprave u svojoj konačnici otvaraju i temeljno pitanje, budući da se posljednjih desetljeća počinje razvijati sportsko pravo kao zasebna pravna grana, da li se vojni sport može smatrati sportskom natjecateljskom aktivnošću, na način kako to reguliraju međunarodne sportske federacije u sastavu MOO, i nacionalna zakonodavstva, posebno u zakonima o sportu, te može li se o ukupnosti pravnih odnosa i pravnih pravila koja u njima nastaju, govoriti o vojnom sportskom pravu kao dijelu općeg (šireg) sportskog prava, odnosno kao grani sportskog prava.
The area of Europe during its more recent history (after World War II) has been marked by huge and radical changes regarding its border regime and the role of borders. From the rigorously guarded ...borders and the very complex procedure for entry into the area between Western and Eastern Europe we have borne witness to the liberalization of the border regime. The former ‘ hermetically’ closed borders which posed great business and political hindrances have become considerably more open and the movement of people, ideas and goods has become more liberal. The regime for EU external border administration is going through an unprecedented transformation. This has been manifested by the speedy creation of legal frameworks and institutionalization. Within the implementation of a new system of EU external border supervision, in particular its practical application, many controversial problems have arisen. In this paper, the author, by analyzing the existing regulations and their practical application, attempts to demonstrate some of the fundamental controversies and noted problems, the resolution of which could result in the establishment of a more quality system of supervision of the Schengen external borders in particular regarding the protection of fundamental human rights.
Military history in its entirety is also the history of sport and physical training. As opposed to medieval and especially ancient times up to modern times, contemporary military sport seems to ...occupy a grey area. Under the social circumstances of professional sport which has become an extremely profitable activity and the changed the role of the military in the post-modernist period, the problem of the treatment of military sport and its wider social role has become a current issue. Thus, questions arise of whether modern sport in the military can be referred to as an organised, competitive activity which has its legal rules, and of whether military athletes can be considered as athletes who prepare themselves and participate in sport competitions and not as recreational athletes who do sport for fun in their spare time or at physical education classes. Such discussion in the end opens up fundamental issues, especially given that in the last decades, sports law has developed as a special branch of law. Can military sport be considered as a sporting competitive activity that it is regulated by the International Sports Federation within the International Olympic Committee and national legislation, and in particular, within the laws on sport? Can, within all the legal relations and consequently occurring legal rules, military sport be considered as a part of general or wider sports law, that is, as a branch of sports law?
The author, based on the analysis of European security and defense policy and its current ope rationalization is trying to determine present limits and direction of the idea of common EU military ...strength and potentials. He is especially interested to understand the relations between the EU and NATO, taking into account the new security situation in the world, but also the possible impact of postmodern trends that are already identified in developed countries of the Union.
Tijekom proteklih nekoliko desetljeća parlamentarni imunitet je prošao put od nekad neupitnog pravnog instrumenta zaštite zastupnika do predmeta žučnih političkih rasprava u kojima se traži sužavanje ...tog privilegija na najmanju moguću mjeru, pa čak i ukidanje. Rasprave su pokrenute ne samo zbog učestalih zloporaba slobode govora u javnim nastupima od strane zastupnika u nizu država, već i zbog sve većeg broja neuspjelih pokušaja pokretanja istraga i kaznenih postupaka protiv zastupnika. Iako se u nekim državama razvijene demokracije posljednjih desetljeća posebno sužava imunitet nepovredivosti, a mogućnosti pokretanja istrage i procedura ukidanja imuniteta pojednostavljuje, s namjerom da ovaj privilegij previše ne odstupa od principa jednakosti pred zakonom, i da se time olakšava pokretanje kaznenih postupaka protiv zastupnika, u nizu, naročito tranzicijskih država, zastupnici su imunitetom neodgovornosti i nepovredivosti zaštićeni na način da je protiv njih vrlo teško pokrenuti istrage i kaznene postupke, jer se imunitet zastupnicima rijetko ukida, osim u slučaju počinjenja teških kaznenih djela, što u nekima od njih, zbog ponavljanja mandata, može dovesti čak i do zastare kaznene odgovornosti.Autor u radu, koristeći temeljne recentne znanstveno-teorijske stavove o parlamentarnom imunitetu, pokušava poredbenom analizom ustavnih, zakonskih i podzakonskih rješenja te njihovom praktičnom primjenom u nekim zemljama razvijene ustavne demokracije i parlamentarne tradicije, kao i u nekim tranzicijskim državama, utvrditi ne samo kako danas izgleda ustavno-pravno reguliranje parlamentarnog imuniteta u demokratskim društvima, već i koje su najznačajnije dileme i otvorena pitanja koja se u tim društvima javljaju glede parlamentarnog imuniteta, te na temelju svega toga pokušati dati odgovor na pitanje gdje bi granice parlamentarnog imuniteta trebale biti u budućnosti.
The phenomenological picture of crime is constantly changing. In modern times an increase in criminal behaviour as a whole and in the number of new forms of crimes, in particular grave criminal ...offences, has been noted. New and especially dangerous forms of crime are considered to be: organised crime, terrorism, business crime, corruption, illegal trafficking of drugs, weapons and people, and grave forms of violence. Recently, the particular attention of all democratic world powers and their special services has been seized by the ever increasing and more intensive collusion of organised crime and terrorism. This is a symbiosis which, apart from the need to create new and specialised services, could even result in some changes to criminal legal theory and practice. In this paper, within the analysis of the collusion between terrorism and organised crime, only one aspect is problematised. This aspect deals with financing terrorism and the measures which the international community and national legislation undertake in the fight against terrorism. The intention of the measures is to prevent not only the collusion of terrorist groups and organised crime in the commission of criminal offences but also the disposal of funds acquired by such means as financial transactions and ‘money laundering’. These measures do not only have a direct effect on the survival and activity of future terrorist groups. They also have a direct influence on the comprehensive fight against organised crime which poses fundamental threats to contemporary civilisation.
In this paper, fundamental recent scientific and theoretical viewpoints on parliamentary immunity, and comparative analysis of constitutional, legal and sub -legal solutions with their practical ...application in both some countries with developed constitutional democracies and parliamentary traditions and in some transitional countries are used. The author does this in an attempt to attempt to establish not only what constitutional legal regulation of parliamentary immunity in democratic societies it is like today, but also what are the most important dilemmas and open questions which arise in these societies regarding parliamentary democracy. On the basis of all of this, an attempt is made to provide an answer to the question of where the limits of parliamentary immunity should be in the future.
In modern constitutional regimes which are considered to be “approximately just” and “approximately democratic” no procedural rule exists which can guarantee that all rights will be protected or will ...not be breached. Similarly, not even the practical implementation of all rules can guarantee in all cases that they will be acceptable for all social groups and individuals. Even in the most democratic of systems, certain groups or individuals can feel threatened or unjustly deprived in regard to human and democratic rights. Under such conditions, for groups and individuals a fundamental dillema presents itself: loyality or disobedience. In this paper, the author attemps, by analysing the various ways civil disobedience and conscientious objection are manifested as forms of civil resistance, to establish where the legitimate boundaries of such rights of individuals and groups are, and not only in relation to the rights of other citizens but in relation to the basic democratic principle – majority rights. That is, whether the mentioned forms of civil resistance can and may question the basic values of the majority and thereby also the entire constitutional arrangement.
