Concentrations of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the PM10 particle fraction were measured together with ozone and meteorological parameters at an urban site (Zagreb, Croatia) over a ...one-year period. Data were subjected to regression analysis in order to determine the relationship between the measured pollutants and selected meteorological variables. All of the PAHs showed seasonal variations with high concentrations in winter and autumn and very low concentrations during summer and spring. All of the ten PAHs concentrations also correlated well with each other. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the concentrations of PAHs and ozone concentrations and concentrations of PAHs and temperature, as well as a positive correlation between concentrations of PAHs and PM10 mass concentration and relative humidity. Multiple regression analysis showed that concentrations of PM10 and ozone, temperature, relative humidity and pressure accounted for 43–70% of PAHs variability. Concentrations of PM10 and temperature were significant variables for all of the measured PAH's concentrations in all seasons. Ozone concentrations were significant for only some of the PAHs, particularly 6-ring PAHs.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originate from a variety of natural and industrial processes. In this paper, concentrations of nine PAHs in PM
10
particle fraction were measured concurrently ...at four different sites (rural, urban residential, urban traffic, and residential-industrial) in continental Croatia. Measurements at all of the four sites showed much higher average concentrations for all of the PAHs in the winter period. The highest winter average values were measured at the industrial site and the lowest at the rural and the urban residential site. In the summer, the highest average values were also measured in the industrial area, except for benzo(ghi)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, which showed the highest average values in the rural area. Factor analysis has been applied to PAH concentrations to identify their potential sources. Extracted factors have been interpreted on basis of previous studies and weather conditions. The diagnostic ratios calculated in this study indicated mixed sources at all of the sites. The contribution of gasoline and diesel from traffic was significant at all of the sites except for the urban industrial. In the winter, potential PAH sources also arose from wood combustion. The industrial site differed from the other sites with the highest influence of diesel sources and refinery during the summer months. The contribution of BaP in total carcinogenic activity exceeded 50 % in both seasons at all of the measured sites, which suggests that BaP could be suitable as a marker of the carcinogenic potential of a PAH mixture.
In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM
10
particles were measured in a Croatian rural area. Considering that by now only a limited number of studies have ...provided data on pollutant concentrations for rural areas, our aim was to do so by determining the PAH levels, their mutagenic effect and relationship with meteorological conditions and other gaseous pollutants (NO, NO
2
, NH
3
). In this investigation, samples of PM
10
particles were collected on quartz filters for 1 month in the cold period and 1 month in the warm period of the year, 24 h a day. Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios and factor analysis were used as tools to identify and characterize the PAH sources. The PAHs found in the warm period of the year were characteristic for car exhaust emissions while the predominant source of these pollutants in the cold period was wood burning.
The measurements showed much higher average concentrations of all PAHs in the cold period, most pronounced for fluoranthene 0.347 ng m
−3
and pyrene 0.223 ng m
−3
. Mass concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in the cold period ranged from 0.057 to 1.526 ng m
−3
, while in the warm period they varied from 0.009 to 0.111 ng m
−3
. Mutagenicity related to BaP (BaP
Meq
) was significantly higher during the cold period (1.095 ng m
−3
) than in the warm period (0.101 ng m
−3
).
This paper presents daily, monthly and yearly variations of PAH mass concentrations measured in PM(10) particle fraction, collected at one measuring site in Zagreb air between 2001 and 2004, and ...seasonal differences in PAH mass concentrations in PM(10) samples collected from 21 March 2003 to 20 March 2004. Twenty-four hour samples were taken in the northern residential part of Zagreb using a low-volume (50 m(3)) sampler and glass or quartz filters. The analysis was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and fluorescence detector with changeable excitation and emission wavelength. The annual average mass concentrations over the four-year measuring period for BaP ranged from 1.17 ng/m(3) in 2004 to 1.87 ng/m(3) in 2003 and were below the limit value (2 ng/m(3)) set by the Ordinance on Recommended and Limit Air Quality Values in Croatia. The highest concentrations of all PAHs measured in PM(10) samples collected from 21 March 2003 to 20 March 2004 were found in the winter and the lowest in the summer. Winter average of BaP was 2.94 ng/m(3) and summer average 0.12 ng/m(3). Autumn average was 2.76 ng/m(3) and was very similar to winter concentrations. Spring average of 0.58 ng/m(3) was higher than the summer average (0.12 ng/m(3)). Mass concentrations of all measured PAHs were much higher in the autumn than in the spring. Although annual averages for BaP did not exceed the limit value, autumn and winter BaP mass concentrations did, which calls for measures for reducing PAH emissions in the autumn and winter.
Small-volume air samples (~7 m3 per 24 h) of airborne PM10 particle fraction were collected on quartz fibre filters at two measuring sites in the vicinity of the gas field Molve in April and July ...2006. It took five to seven days for each sample to collect and one month to collect five to seven samples. Mass concentrations of PM10 fractions were determined by gravimetry while PAHs were analysed using a HPLC with a fluorescent detector. The analysis included fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Cry), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP) and indene(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (Ind). Average concentrations of all PAHs in April at site A were slightly higher than at site B while in July they were lower and similar on both sites. Average BaP concentration measured at site A in April was 0.156 ng m-3 and at site B 0.129 ng m-3, while July BaP averages were 0.022 ng m-3 at both sites. In both months, the mass concentration of BaP was lower than the limit value (1 ng m-3) and well below the tolerant value (2 ng m-3) set by a Croatian regulation of 2005. This suggests that the air near gas field Molve was of acceptable quality in respect to BaP at the time of the measurement.
Uzorci PM10 frakcije lebdećih čestica skupljani su prosisavanjem malog volumena zraka (~7 m3 za 24 h) kroz filtre od kvarcnih vlakana. Svaki je uzorak skupljan tijekom pet do sedam dana na dva mjerna mjesta u okolici plinskog polja Molve. Uzorkovanje je provedeno tijekom travnja i srpnja 2006. godine. Masene koncentracije PM10 frakcije odredene su gravimetrijski, dok je analiza policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (PAU) radena tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) s fluorescentnim detektorom. Mjereni su sljedeći PAU: fluoranten, piren, benzo(a)antracen, krizen, benzo(b)fluoranten, benzo(k)fluoranten, benzo(a)piren, benzo(ghi)perilen i indeno(1,2,3-cd)piren. Srednje vrijednosti masenih koncentracija svih PAU u travnju na mjernome mjestu A bile su neznatno više od onih na mjernome mjestu B, dok su u srpnju na oba mjerna mjesta bile vrlo slične. Srednja vrijednost koncentracije BaP izmjerenog u travnju na mjernome mjestu A bila je viša od vrijednosti izmjerene na mjernome mjestu B. U srpnju su srednje vrijednosti bile znatno niže i na oba mjerna mjesta iznosile su 0.022 ng m-3. Iz rezultata dobivenih mjerenjem vidljivo je da je koncentracija benzo(a)pirena bila znatno niža od granične vrijednosti (1 ng m-3) i tolerantne vrijednosti (1 ng m-3, Uredba iz 2005.), pa možemo zaključiti da je zrak u okolici plinskog polja Molve tijekom istraživanog razdoblja bio prve kategorije kakvoće.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the PM
10
particle fraction collected at two different measuring sites in Zagreb, Croatia. In summer, concentrations of all PAHs at both sites ...were low. In winter, mass concentrations of all PAHs measured at southern site were much higher than those at north. Contents of all PAHs in the PM
10
particle fraction were much lower in summer than that in the winter period. For example, average content of BaP in PM
10
in summer was 2.26 ng/mg at site A and 4.17 ng/mg at site B, while in winter it was 34.72 and 46.69 ng/mg, respectively.
Mercury concentrations in air were measured at three measuring sites in the vicinity of a waste dump Jakuševec in Zagreb, Croatia over a 4-year period, from the beginning to the end of remediation. ...Measurements at the beginning of the remediation show that the concentrations of mercury at all three measuring sites were relatively high. Annual mercury mass concentrations in 2001 were between 17 and 445 ng m⁻³. Annual mercury averages in 2004 ranged from 8 to 10 ng m⁻³. Mercury variations were analysed with regard to the meteorological conditions. The results of this investigation show that in regard to mercury, the remediation was successful.
This paper presents daily, monthly and yearly variations of PAH mass concentrations measured in PM
10 particle fraction, collected at one measuring site in Zagreb air between 2001 and 2004, and ...seasonal differences in PAH mass concentrations in PM
10 samples collected from 21 March 2003 to 20 March 2004. Twenty-four hour samples were taken in the northern residential part of Zagreb using a low-volume (50 m
3) sampler and glass or quartz filters. The analysis was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and fluorescence detector with changeable excitation and emission wavelength. The annual average mass concentrations over the four-year measuring period for BaP ranged from 1.17 ng/m
3 in 2004 to 1.87 ng/m
3 in 2003 and were below the limit value (2 ng/m
3) set by the Ordinance on Recommended and Limit Air Quality Values in Croatia. The highest concentrations of all PAHs measured in PM
10 samples collected from 21 March 2003 to 20 March 2004 were found in the winter and the lowest in the summer. Winter average of BaP was 2.94 ng/m
3 and summer average 0.12 ng/m
3. Autumn average was 2.76 ng/m
3 and was very similar to winter concentrations. Spring average of 0.58 ng/m
3 was higher than the summer average (0.12 ng/m
3). Mass concentrations of all measured PAHs were much higher in the autumn than in the spring. Although annual averages for BaP did not exceed the limit value, autumn and winter BaP mass concentrations did, which calls for measures for reducing PAH emissions in the autumn and winter.
This paper presents the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in all four seasons in suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected with a high-volume sampler on one measuring ...site in the northern part of Zagreb. About 30 samples of SPM were analysed for each season, including workdays and weekends and there were no differences amongst them. The concentrations of all PAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The spring PAH concentrations were lower than the autumn ones, as the spring had more sunny and warm days. The profiles of PAH/BaP at the measurement sites showed that the main source of PAHs in spring and summer was traffic while a substantial amount of autumn and winter PAHs, besides traffic, came from heating.
Policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU) skupina su organskih spojeva s dva ili više benzenskih prstenova, a nastaju pri nepotpunu izgaranju fosilnih i drugih organskih materijala. U zraku se ...nalaze u relativno niskim koncentracijama, posebno ljeti, no budući da mnogi od njih imaju mutageno, a neki i kancerogeno djelovanje, u posljednje vrijeme posvećuje im se sve više pažnje. Pronađeno je nekoliko stotina PAU, a PAU koji se najčešće mjeri i čija su kancerogena svojstva najviše istraživana jest benzo-a-piren (BaP). Na osnovi koncentracija PAU izmjerenih u različitim mikrookolinama, kao i vremena provedenog u njima, izvršena je procjena izloženosti PAU 15 ispitanika. Ovako izračunana izloženost uspoređena je s direktno mjerenom osobnom izloženosti, a razlika u prosjeku nije bila statistički značajna. Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je da je izloženost stanovnika Zagreba BaP blizu ili iznad predložene smjernice za graničnu vrijednost, pa bi trebalo provesti mjere za suzbijanje emisija PAU.
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