Green spaces are becoming increasingly important for cities due to the growing pressures of urbanization and climate change. Along with trees, shrubs, and lawns, flower beds are an important part of ...urban green spaces. The majority of flower beds in public spaces consist of annual and biennial flower species. Such seasonal flower beds feature eye-catching colors but require significant effort to maintain and manage. Compared to these conventional flower beds, those with herbaceous perennials are more ecologically effective and less costly to maintain, and therefore more sustainable. The aim of this research was to analyze flower beds with perennials in the public green spaces of the city of Zagreb and to develop a tool based on predefined criteria and indicators to evaluate the sustainability of flower beds. In the context of the research, sustainability meant appropriate selection of flower species based on environmental conditions (temperature, light, precipitation), species diversity, greater ground cover and extensiveness of maintenance. The research results showed that there were 327 flower beds with perennials planted in the ground. The constructed Flower Bed Sustainability Index (FBSI) showed that the majority of these perennial beds (56.3%) had a conventional character, as only 28.1% of the beds had a completely correct species selection. This result indicates that the use of perennials does not necessarily guarantee the sustainability of flower beds, since, as in the case of flower beds with seasonal flowers, it depends, among other things, on the correct selection of species adapted to local environmental conditions. The FBSI is shown to be a suitable tool for assessing the degree of sustainability of a flower bed and could be a useful tool in landscape design and management of such types of green spaces.
Tržište ukrasnog bilja oskudijeva ponudom cvatućih vrsta tijekom kasno jesenskog i zimskog razdoblja, a potražnja raste u vrijeme božićnih blagdana. Uzgoj geofita otpornih na hladnoću koji su tijekom ...ljeta proveli prividno mirovanje i formirali cvjetne pupove za narednu sezonu relativno je jednostavan i pada u vrijeme kad zaštićeni prostori za sezonsku proizvodnju nisu iskorišteni do maksimuma svojih kapaciteta. Cilj ovog rada je objasniti životni ciklus geofita kod kojih do formiranja cvjetova dolazi tijekom ljeta, te postupke za dobivanje cvatućih lončanica za kasno jesensko i zimsko razdoblje kad na tržištu nedostaje takvih vrsta. Na primjeru zumbula i narcisa, kao vrsta koje su u većem broju zastupljene na europskom tržištu, a koje tijekom ljeta provode prividno mirovanje objašnjen je postupak predtretmana hladnoćom i uzgoj u zaštićenom prostoru za proizvodnju cvatućih lončanica kao i biljaka za rez.
The ornamental plant market is short on supply of flowering species during the late autumn and winter period, and demand increases during the Christmas holidays. Cultivation of cold-resistant geophytes that spent the summer dormant and formed flower buds for the next season is relatively simple and falls at a time when protected areas for seasonal production are not used to their maximum capacity. The aim of this paper is to explain the life cycle of geophytes that form flowers during the summer, and the procedures for obtaining flowering potted plants for the late autumn and winter period when there is a lack of such species on the market. Using the example of hyacinths and daffodils, as species that are represented in greater numbers on the European market, and which spend an apparent rest during the summer, the procedure of pre-treatment with cold and cultivation in a protected area for the production of flowering potted plants as well as plants for cutting is explained.
Plantings surrounding kindergartens are an integral part of urban green spaces. These open areas play a very important role in the lives of children, in their development, their eating habits, and ...environmental awareness. For this reason, it is extremely important to select adequate plant species, which are not dangerous for the children. There are 10 public and 9 private preschool institutions in the entire area of the two Novi Zagreb (East and West) city districts. Only public kindergartens have been included in this research. The aim was to determine the size of green open space surrounding public kindergartens, analyse woody plants on site, determine the taxonomic affiliation of plant species, and detect the presence of poisonous and allergenic plant taxa. In green space surrounding kindergartens in the Novi Zagreb – East city district, 49 taxa of trees, and 18 taxa of shrubs and woody climbers from a total of 22 plant families have been identified. Similary, in the Novi Zagreb – West city district, 49 taxa of trees, and 24 taxa of shrubs and woody climbers from a total of 26 plant families have been determined in kindergarten plantings. A total of 32 poisonous taxa, and 36 allergenic taxa have been catalogued in the Novi Zagreb – East city district, while a total of 34 poisonous taxa, and 42 allergenic taxa have been listed in the Novi Zagreb – West city district. The most poisonous species were: Taxus baccata, Prunus laurocerasus and Sambucus nigra. The species with the highest allergenic potential were: Thuja occidentalis, Betula pendula and Acer platanoides.
Krajem vegetacijske sezone cvate manji broj biljnih vrsta, a one koje cvatu uglavnom se koriste kao biljne vrste za uređivanje interijera. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati taksonomsku pripadnost i ...porijeklo ciklame, način uzgoja, mogućnosti primjene te mjere njege i održavanja. Rod Cyclamen pripada porodici Primulaceae. Komercijalno najvažnija vrsta je Cyclamen persicum Mill. koja potječe s krajnjeg istoka Mediterana. Uzgaja se iz sjemena, u polusjeni, pri temperaturama 18-20 °C i uz 50-70 % relativne vlage zraka. Potrebna je konstantna, ali umjerena razina hraniva koju treba prilagođavati razvoju biljke. Ciklami, premda se koristi kao sobna lončanica, više odgovara primjena u uvjetima nižih temperatura pa su idealne za primjenu na hladnim verandama i stubištima, ostakljenim ulaznim prostorima. Mogu se koristiti i kao cvjetna vrsta za rez. Kombinacijom različitih kultivara dulje i kraće vegetacije, nastoji se osigurati opskrba tržišta ciklamama od početka jeseni do kraja zime.
Cyclamen are mainly used as plant species for interior decoration. The aim of this work is to show the taxonomic affiliation and origin of cyclamen, its’ morphology, the method of cultivation, the possibilities of implementation so as care and maintenance. The genus Cyclamen belongs to the Primulaceae family. The most commercially important species is Cyclamen persicum Mill. which originates from the far east of the Mediterranean. It is grown from seed, in partial shade, at temperatures of 18-20 °C and with 50-70% relative humidity. A constant but moderate level of nutrients is needed, which should be adapted to the growth of the plant. Although cyclamen are used as indoor potted plants, they are more suitable for use in conditions of lower temperatures, so they are ideal for use on cold verandas and staircases, glazed entrance areas. They can also be used as a cut flower. By combining different cultivars with longer and shorter growing seasons, we try to supply the market with cyclamen from the beginning of autumn to the end of winter.
Vrste roda Helleborus se u ukrasnoj hortikulturi koriste kao vrtne biljke, lončanice za primjenu u vanjskom prostoru, kao vrste za uređenje interijera, a sve se više traže kao cvjetna vrsta za rez ...tijekom zime. Cilj ovog rada je opisati osnovne morfološke značajke i uvjete uzgoja vrsta roda Helleborus te dati pregled asortimana vrsta i kultivara kasnojesenske i zimske cvatnje. Pregledom literature utvrđeno je da Helleborus niger L., crni kukurijek, na tržištu postaje sve traženija ukrasna biljka, a prate ga i križanci između vrste H. orientalis i drugih vrsta ovoga roda (H. × hybridus). Iako tržišno slabo zastupljene u ukrasnoj hortikulturi se primjenjuju i druge vrste (H. viridis, H. foetidus, H. purpurascens, H. tibethanus, H. vesicarius te H. multifidus) te sve veći broj kultivara. Za cvatnju početkom zime, posebno u vrijeme Božića, najpoznatija je vrsta Helleborus niger L., a sve se više komercijaliziraju i međuvrsni križanci. Pri tome osobit značaj imaju križanci između vrsta H. niger, H. argutifolius Viv. i H. lividus Aiton. Razmnožavanje je moguće sjemenom, dijeljenjem te kulturom tkiva. Uzgaja se u uzgojnim posudama 12- 14 cm promjera u koje se sadi od 50. do 18. tjedna. Potreban mu je supstrat pH od 5,8 do 6,0, ne podnosi visoku razinu soli u tlu, a za prodaju početkom zime uzgaja se u zaštićenim prostorima od sredine listopada. Osjetljiv je na visoku vlagu, koja uz visoke temperature potencira pojavu bolesti (Fusarium, Pythium i Phytophtora).
Species of the genus Helleborus are used in ornamental horticulture as garden plants, potted plants for outdoor use, as species for interior decoration, and are increasingly sought after as a cut flower species for winter. The aim of this paper is to describe the basic morphological characteristics and growing conditions of Helleborus species and to provide an overview of the range of species and cultivars of late autumn and winter flowering. A review of the literature revealed that Helleborus niger L., Christmas Rose, is becoming an increasingly sought-after ornamental plant on the market, followed by hybrids between H. orientalis and other species of this genus (H. × hybridus). Although poorly represented in ornamental horticulture, other species (H. viridis, H. foetidus, H. purpurascens, H. tibethanus, H. vesicarius and H. multifidus) and an increasing number of cultivars are also used. Helleborus niger L. is the best known species for flowering at the beginning of winter, especially at Christmas time, and interspecific hybrids are also becoming more and more commercialized. Of particular importance are the crosses between the species H. niger L., H. argutifolius Viv. and H. lividus Aiton. Propagation is possible by seed, division and tissue culture. It is grown in pots 12-14 cm in diameter in which it is planted from 50th to 18th weeks. It needs a substrate pH of 5.8 to 6.0, does not tolerate high levels of salt in the soil, and for sale in early winter is grown in green houses from mid-October. It is sensitive to high humidity, which with high temperatures potentiates the appearance of diseases (Fusarium, Pythium and Phytophtora).
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. caucasica Rousi) is one of the most important wild edible fruits, grown in Turkey for centuries without any chemical treatments. The plant is extremely ...resistant to adverse environmental conditions. In this study, the main agro-morphological and biochemical berry traits and, to a lesser extent, other plant morphological traits of 10 sea buckthorn genotypes sampled from the eastern Anatolia (Sivas province) region were assessed. Among the 10 genotypes, five of them presented a shrub growth habit, whereas five of them presented tree growth habit, with leaf area ranging from 2.56 to 4.22 cm2. The majority of genotypes had an oblong berry shape with variable berry skin color ranging from dark orange to orange, light orange, and yellow. The weight of 100 berries varied from 13.85 to 23.87 g, while juice yield and vitamin C content was found to be 44.87–57.15% and 37.45–62.85 mg/100 g fresh berry base, respectively. Soluble solid content (SSC) was in the range of 12.56–14.67%. The genotypes exhibited a great variability in total anthocyanin content (from 9.1 to 38.7 mg/L), with relatively dark-orange sea buckthorn berries containing more anthocyanin than orange, light-orange, and yellow berries. Linoleic acid was the main fatty acid detected in the pulp of sea buckthorn berries, ranging from 24.11% to 36.37%, depending on the genotype. Investigated genotypes proved also to be rich in total phenolic content, showing at the same time great variability in this trait. The results obtained from the relatively limited number of genotypes show promising traits for further valorization of both horticultural and nutritional traits, suggesting potentially even higher variability, if more genotypes are going to be considered in the future.
Biostimuatori su (ne-hranjive) tvari ili mikroorganizmi koji pospješuju procese hranidbe biljaka i doprinose smanjenju posljedica stresa uzrokovanog abiotičkim i biotičkim čimbenicima. Mogu biti ...mikrobni (korisne bakterije i gljive) i nemikrobni (huminske kiseline, aminokiseline, ekstrakti morskih algi, kitozan i anorganski biostimulansi). Različitim mehanizmima djelovanja biostimulatori potiču učinkovitije iskorištavanje hraniva, otpornost biljaka na stres i povoljno djeluju na kvalitativna svojstva biljaka. Uslijed restrikcija u primjeni sredstava za zaštitu bilja i gnojiva, kao dio alternativnih rješenja pojavljuju se biostimulatori.
Biostimulants are (non-nutrient) substances or microorganisms that improve plant nutrition processes and help reduce the effects of stress caused by abiotic and biotic influences. They can be microbial (beneficial bacteria and fungi) and non-microbial (humic acids, amino acids, seaweed extracts, chitosan and inorganic biostimulants). Through their various mechanisms of action, biostimulants enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization, the stress resistance of plants and have a positive effect on the qualitative characteristics of plants. Due to the limitation of applicable pesticides and fertilizers, biostimulants are also a part of the alternative solutions.
Božićna zvijezda (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.) jedna je od najprodavanijih cvatućih lončanica čija je potražnja najveća krajem studenog i tijekom prosinca za kad se i planira većina ...proizvodnje. Za uspješnu proizvodnju božićne zvijezde bitno je imati na raspolaganju svjetao i zračan zaštićeni prostor, dobro podešeno centralno grijanje i automatizirano prozračivanje te opremu za regulaciju duljine dana. Zahtjevi božićne zvijezde prema temperaturi, svjetlosti, hranivima, supstratu i ostalim čimbenicima vrlo su visoki tako da je potrebna stroga kontrola proizvodnje. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati taksonomsku pripadnost i porijeklo vrste, način uzgoja te mjere njege i održavanja u primjeni. Rod Euphorbia pripada porodici Euphorbiaceae, a potječe iz Meksika. Najčešće se uzgaja vegetativno iz reznica, premda može i generativno iz sjemena. U uzgoju i primjeni traži svijetlo mjesto, blago kiseo supstrat, redovitu prihranu i umjereno zalijevanje. Najčešće se koristi kao cvatuća lončanica za dekoraciju interijera u vrijeme božićnih blagdana, premda se može koristiti i kao cvjetna vrsta za rez.
The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch.) is one of the
best-selling flowering potplants whose demand is highest in late November and December, when most production is planned. For the successful production of a Poinsettia, it is essential to have a bright and airy sheltered area, well-tuned central heating and automated ventilation, and day-length regulation equipment. The requirements of the poinsettia for temperature, light, nutrients, substrate and other factors are very high, so strict control of production is required. The aim of this paper is to show the taxonomic affiliation and origin of the
species, the mode of cultivation and the measures of care and maintenance in use. The genus Euphorbia belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, and is from Mexico. It is most commonly grown vegetatively from cuttings, though it can also be grown generically from
seeds. In cultivation and use, it requires a bright spot, a slightly acidic substrate, regular feeding and moderate watering. It is most commonly used as a flower potplant for interior decoration during the Christmas holidays, although it can also be used as a cut flower.
Pelargonije (Pelargonium zonale i P. peltatum) spadaju među najomiljenije balkonske lončanice. Postoji velik broj kultivara različitih boja cvatova, a izvrsno podnose osunčane položaje. Cilj ovog ...rada je prikazati taksonomsku pripadnost i porijeklo dviju komercijalno najvažnijih vrsta, način njihovog uzgoja te mjere njege i održavanja u primjeni. Rod Pelargonium pripada porodici Geraniaceae, a potječe iz Južne Afrike. Vrste uobičajene u komercijalnom uzgoju najčešće se razmnožavaju vegetativno iz reznica, premda mogu i generativno iz sjemena. U uzgoju i primjeni traži osunčano mjesto, blago kiseo supstrat, redovitu prihranu i umjereno zalijevanje. Najčešće se koriste kao balkonske lončanice, a predstavnici roda su među najprodavanijim za primjenu na otvorenom.
U vrijeme božićnih blagdana na tržištu se povećava potražnja za proizvodima ukrasne hortikulture, među kojima je božićni kaktus tradicionalna vrsta. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati taksonomsku pripadnost ...i porijeklo vrste, način uzgoja te mjere njege i održavanja u primjeni. Rod Schlumbergera pripada porodici kaktusa, a potječe iz kišnih šuma Brazila. Uvjeti trajanja osvjetljenja od 14-16 sati uz temperaturu od 22-24 °C povoljni su za vegetativni rast božićnog kaktusa, a uz 8-9 sati dnevnog svjetla i temperature od 15 °C razvija cvijet.Od mjera njege u primjeni važno je biljkama osigurati razdoblje mirovanja nakon cvatnje i tijekom ljeta, te pravilno zalijevanje i prihranu tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja.
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