세조 후반기 순행과 불교 이정주; Lee¸ Jungjoo
史叢(사총),
01/2022, Letnik:
105
Journal Article
세조는 조선시대 군주 가운데 드물게 잦은 지방 순행을 한 임금이었다. 조선 초기의 태조와 조선후기의 현종, 영조, 정조 등도 지방 순행을 다녔지만, 세조처럼 여러 지역을 두루 방문하지는 않았다. 세조는 여건이 허락할 때마다 경기도, 황해도, 평안도, 충청도, 강원도를 찾았으며, 세조 초년과 말년에는 경상도와 전라도를 순행할 예정이었지만 준비상태의 미흡, ...이시애의 난과 건강 악화가 겹치면서 이들 지역에 대한 방문을 포기한 바도 있었다.
세조의 지방 순행은 군사 훈련을 통한 정권 안정, 민정 시찰을 통한 민심 수습, 온천욕을 통한 건강 관리 등 다목적 측면에서 이루어졌다. 그는 순행을 통해 요순시대의 정치를 재현하고자 했다. 세조대에는 하늘에 대한 직접 제사인 환구제도 거행되었다. 순행과 환구제는 세조가 중국황제의 의례를 모방하고 있음을 의미한다. 세조는 순행, 환구제를 통해 유사 황제체제를 구축했고, 국왕의 위엄과 권위를 과시했던 것이다.
세조대의 순행은 집권 후반기에 접어들면서 그 양상의 뚜렷한 변화가 보인다. 집권 전반기의 순행이 군사 훈련과 민정 시찰 등 실질적 목적 달성을 위해 진행되었던 것에 반해, 후반기에는 건강 관리와 성지 순례 같은 개인적 동기 때문에 순행이 이루어졌다. 세조는 집권 후반기 순행을 통해 불교계 및 일반 백성과 광범위한 직접적 접촉을 갖고자 했다. 이는 성리학에 바탕하여 사대부 문신 위주의 정치를 표방했던 전후의 조선시대 국왕들과는 매우 구별되는 특이한 통치 행위였다. 세조는 국왕의 대민 접촉이 거의 없던 조선시대 문신세력에 의존하는 것이 아니라, 광범위한 피지배층과 군사력에 바탕한 통치를 구상했고, 이를 실현할 방편으로 순행을 활용했던 것이다.
세조의 순행 양상은 동왕 12년(1466) 강원도 방문을 계기로 급속히 변화했다. 이전의 순행이 軍事와 民事的 현안을 다루기 위한 것이었던데 반해, 강원도 순행은 온천욕과 성지 순례 같은 세조의 육체적 건강과 정신적 안정에 초점이 맞추어진 것이었다. 그리고 세조는 방문했던 금강산에서 담무갈보살을, 오대산에서는 문수보살을 친견했다. 앞서 동왕 8년세조는 상원사에서 관음보살을 친견했다고 주장한 적이 있었다. 강원도 순행으로 인해, 세조는 당시 민중에게 인기가 있던 문수, 관음보살과 금강산의 많은 보살을 거느린 담무갈보살을 모두 만난 임금이 된 것이다.
세조의 보살 친견 이야기는 이를 축하하는 篆文, 頌文 등의 기록물과 설화, 전설 등의 비기록적 구전이란 형태의 양면으로 후세에 남겨졌다. 세조는 지방 순행, 보살의 출현과 친견, 이에 대한 신하들의 축하 행위, 보살 친견 사실의 민간 유포와 신화화, 그리고 인접국에 대한 외교적인 통보를 통한 공식화 등 다양한 방식을 통해 그의 신성성을 조작하고 퍼트렸다. 순행을 통한 불교 접촉은 세조의 통치 기반을 마련하기 위한 고도의 선전술의 일환이었던 것이다.
King Sejo(世祖) was one of the few monarchs in the Chosun Dynasty who frequently made royal tours of local areas. Taejo in the early Joeson Dynasty and Hyeonjong, Yeongjo and Jeongjo in the late Chosun Dynasty also made royal tours of local areas, but they did not visit as many different areas as Sejo did. As long as his conditions allowed, King Sejo visited local areas in Gyeonggi-do, Pyeongan-do, Chungcheong-do and Gangwon-do. During his early days and latter days, he was also planning to make royal tours of Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do, but due to the insufficient preparation or his poor health and Lee Si-oe’s Rebellion overlapped with each other, he had to give up his visit to these local areas.
His royal tours of local areas were made for different purposes, such as political stability through military exercise, control of public sentiment through inspection of people’s conditions and health care through spa bathing. Through such a royal tour, he tried to reenact the policy of the Yao and Shun Dynasties. During his reign, Hwanguje (圜丘祭), meaning a sacrificial rite for heaven, was performed as well. Interestingly, both the tour and rite implied that King Sejo tried to imitate the formality of Chinese emperors. In other words, through these events, he established a royal system similar to the Chinese imperial system and displayed majesty and authority as a king.
By the latter days of his reign, his royal tour showed clearly different aspects. In the early days, his royal tour was mainly to accomplish such practical purposes as military exercise and inspection of people’s conditions, but in the latter days, it was mostly for personal motives, such as health care and visit to sacred places.
Especially in the latter days, King Sejo seemed to make broad and direct contact with Buddhists and ordinary people through his royal tour. Such an unusual action of his reign based on Neo-Confucianism was very distinguished from the other kings of the Chosun Dynasty who mostly adopted Sadaebu (scholar-gentry)-centered policy. Rather than depending on the power of gentry officials in the Chosun Dynasty almost without kings’ contact with the public, he attempted to shape his idea of reign based on far-reaching subjugated classes and military power, and as a means to put his idea into practice, King Sejo made the best use of royal tours.
신경내분비종양으로 의심되었던 췌장 혈관종 정모아; Mo Ah Jeong; 이준규 ...
The Korean journal of gastroenterology,
07/2020, Letnik:
76, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Adult pancreatic hemangioma is an extremely rare disease, with only 22 cases reported since 1939. Pancreatic hemangioma has no specific symptoms, diagnostic imaging, or laboratory findings, making it ...difficult to be clinically suspected and diagnosed. The majority are confirmed after surgery. In this report, a 61-year-old woman presented with melena and showed multiple small hyper- vascular lesions in the pancreas. A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor was suspected, and the patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy. The pathology examination and immunohistochemical study revealed a pancreatic hemangioma. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2020;76:46-48)
Background/Aims: Patients with symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) often display normal tracings or only nonspecific changes on electrocardiography (ECG). The aim of this study was to explore ...strategic elements of the ECG and other potential factors that are predictive of CAD in this scenario.
Methods: This was an observational study of 142 patients with the chief complaint of chest pain, each of whom presented with a normal ECG and was subjected to emergency coronary angiography (CAG). Two population subsets were identified: those patients (n = 97) with no significant stenotic lesions and those (n = 45) with the significant stenotic lesions of CAD.
Results: Those patients with normal or nonspecific ECGs and CAD (15.8%) were more likely to have left circumflex artery involvement (20% vs. 7%). In patients with normal ECGs and CAD (vs. normal CAG), male sex (86.7% vs. 68%, p = 0.023), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels > 10 U/L (13 vs. 10, p = 0.025), and fragmented QRS (fQRS) (38.6% vs. 21.6%, p = 0.042) occurred with greater frequency. In multivariable analysis, the following variables were significant predictors of CAD, given a normal ECG: male sex (odds ratio OR, 2.593; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.068 to 5.839); CK-MB (OR, 2.497; 95% CI, 0.955 to 7.039); and W- or M-shaped QRS complex (OR, 2.306; 95% CI 0.988 to 5.382).
Conclusions: In our view, male sex, elevated CK-MB (> 10 U/L), and fQRS complexes are suspects for CAD in patients with angina and unremarkable ECGs and should be considered screening tests.
Sweetpotato (
Ipomoea batatas
L.) is a globally important food crop that is susceptible to infestation with the root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita
, which can cause substantial crop losses. ...Previous transcriptomic analysis of the roots of susceptible and resistant sweetpotato cultivars identified genes that were likely to contribute to protection against root-knot nematode. The identified genes included respiratory burst oxidase homolog (
Rboh
) genes, which encode NAPDH oxidase homologs in plants. In this study, the role of
Rboh
genes in sweetpotato defense responses during root-knot nematode infection was examined in susceptible and resistant cultivars. Comparison with
Arabidopsis Rboh
genes identified groups of sweetpotato genes orthologous to
AtRboh B
,
E
,
F
, and
G
. Of these, the group resembling
AtrbohB
contained the highest number of unigenes, nine, and these genes were highly responsive to nematode infection in sweetpotato roots. These results indicate that
Rboh
genes play roles in protecting sweetpotato roots against root-knot nematode infection.
Objectives Given that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an aerosol-generating procedure, it is necessary to use a mechanical ventilator and reduce the number of providers involved in ...resuscitation for in-hospital cardiac arrest in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients or suspected COVID-19 patients. However, no study assessed the effect of changes in inspiratory time on flowrate and airway pressure during CPR. We herein aimed to determine changes in these parameters during CPR and identify appropriate ventilator management for adults during CPR. Methods We measured changes in tidal volume (Vt), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), peak airway pressure (Ppeak), mean airway pressure (Pmean) according to changes in inspiratory time (0.75 s, 1.0 s and 1.5 s) with or without CPR. Vt of 500 mL was supplied (flowrate: 10 times/min) using a mechanical ventilator. Chest compressions were maintained at constant compression depth (53 ± 2 mm) and speed (102 ± 2/min) using a mechanical chest compression device. Results Median levels of respiratory physiological parameters during CPR were significantly different according to the inspiratory time (0.75 s vs. 1.5 s): PIFR (80.8 73.3 – 87.325 vs. 70.5 67 – 72.4 L/min, P < 0.001), Ppeak (54 48 – 59 vs. 47 45 – 49 cmH 2 O, P < 0.001), and Pmean (3.9 3.6 – 4.1 vs. 5.7 5.6 – 5.8 cmH 2 O, P < 0.001). Conclusions Changes in PIFR, Ppeak, and Pmean were associated with inspiratory time. PIFR and Ppeak values tended to decrease with increase in inspiratory time, while Pmean showed a contrasting trend. Increased inspiratory time in low-compliance cardiac arrest patients will help in reducing lung injury during adult CPR.
Tubulysin은 다양한 암세포주에 대해 강한 항암활성을 보이는 점액세균 유래 이차대사 생리활성물질이다. 본 연구에서는 tubulysin을 생산하는 두 균주의 점액세균 Archangium gephyra MEHO_002와 MEHO_004의 유전체 분석을 통해 tubulysin 생합성 유전자들로 추정되는 유전자군을 발견하였으며, 플라스미드 삽입에 의한 ...유전자 불활성화를 통해 이들 유전자들이 tubulysin 생산과 직접 연관되어 있음을 확인하였다. A. gephyra MEHO_002와 MEHO_004 균주의 tubulysin 생합성 유전자군(tubA~tubF)은 DNA 염기서열이 서로 97% 동일하였으며, 암호화하는 단백질들의 아미노산 서열도 서로 97-100% 유사하였다. MEHO_002와 MEHO_004 균주의 tubulysin 생합성 유전자군은 tubulysin 생산 점액세균으로 알려진 Cystobacter sp. SBCb004의 tubulysin 생합성 유전자군과 DNA 염기서열이 86% 동일하였다. 유전자군의 구성은 tubZ 유전자가 존재하지 않는다는 점을 제외하고는 SBCb004의 tubulysin 생합성 유전자군 구성과 동일하였다. 각 유전자가 암호화하는 단백질의 아미노산 서열은 Cystobacter sp. SBCb004의 tubulysin 생합성 유전자가 암호화하는 단백질들과 88-97% 유사하였으며, 각 단백질들의 도메인 구성도 동일하였다.
Tubulysins are a group of bioactive secondary metabolites from myxobacteria exhibiting strong anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. In this study, we describe the identification of putative tubulysin biosynthetic gene clusters (tubA~tubF) in the genome sequences of two tubulysin-producing myxobacterial strains, Archangium gephyra MEHO_002 and MEHO_004. The inactivation of the putative tubulysin biosynthetic genes resulted in a tubulysin-production defect. The DNA sequences of the A. gephyra MEHO_002 and MEHO_004 tubulysin biosynthetic genes were 97% identical, and the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins shared a similarity of 97-100%. The nucleotide sequences of the tubulysin biosynthetic gene clusters in MEHO_002 and MEHO_004 were 86% identical to that in Cystobacter sp. SBCb004 known as a tubulysin-producing myxobacterium, and the organization of the clusters was identical except for the lack of a tubZ gene in the clusters in MEHO_002 and MEHO_004. The amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by each gene were 88-97% similar to those encoded by SBCb004, and the domain compositions of the proteins were also identical.
To investigate the efficacy of androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) between continuous and intermittent ADT.
Between January 2006 and May 2015, 603 patients were selected and divided into continuous ...ADT (CADT) (n=175) and intermittent ADT (IADT) (n=428) groups. The median follow-up in this study was 48.19 (1.0-114.0) months. The primary end point was time to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The types of ADT were monotherapy and maximal androgen blockade (i.e., luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist and antiandrogen).
The characteristics of patients showed no significant differences between the CADT and IADT groups, except for the Gleason score (p<0.001). The median time to CRPC of all enrolled patients with ADT was 20.60±1.60 months. The median time to CRPC was 11.20±1.31 months in the CADT group as compared with 22.60±2.08 months in the IADT group. In multivariate analysis, percentage of positive core (p=0.047; hazard ratio HR, 0.976; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.953-1.000), Gleason score (p=0.007; HR, 1.977; 95% CI, 1.206-3.240), lymph node metastasis (p=0.030; HR, 0.498; 95% CI, 0.265-0.936), bone metastasis (p=0.028; HR, 1.921; 95% CI, 1.072-3.445), and CADT vs. IADT (p=0.003; HR, 0.254; 95% CI. 0.102-0.633) were correlated with the duration of progression to CRPC. The IADT group presented a significantly longer median time to CRPC compared with the CADT group. Additionally, patients in the IADT group showed a longer duration in median time to CRPC in subgroup analysis according to the Gleason score.
This study found that IADT produces a longer duration in median time to CRPC than does CADT.
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