Pharmaceutical compounds have been introduced into the aquatic ecosystems in multiple ways and sources, which negatively affects the health of the environment and humans. The river near the hospital ...sewage disposal is host environments for pharmaceuticals resistance bacteria (PRB). In this context, the aim of the research is to detect the presence of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater, after treatment, at river point followed by isolation bacteria and test for resistant pharmaceutical compound. Fifteen species of bacteria isolated by angiogenic methods were identified and tested using the well diffusion test to determine the resistance of selected bacteria to ibuprofen by survival assessment. This study showed that ibuprofen detected by GC-mass was available in all selected points at a concentration of 3 to 120 mg/L. Lecuco. mesen.cremris and Koc.rosea have a high ability to break down ibuprofen compound. Thus, the bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater can biologically crack ibuprofen.
Co-trimoxazole is frequently used in the prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. High plasma concentrations of sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim are correlated with toxicity. ...There is, however, a large variation in PK observed which can lead to underexposure or toxicity.
We developed a novel LC-MS/MS method to analyze the components of co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite sulfamethoxazole-N-acetyl. This new method is expeditious due to its limited sample preprocessing and a relatively short run-time of only 3 min.
This new method met the US FDA requirements on linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, matrix effects, recovery and stability and is suitable for routine analysis and future prospective studies.
Treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) is challenging because of the high toxicity of second-line drugs and the longer treatment duration than for drug-susceptible TB patients. In ...order to speed up novel treatment for MDR-TB, we suggest considering expanding the indications of already available drugs. Six drugs with antimicrobial activity (phenothiazine, metronidazole, doxycycline, disulfiram, tigecycline and co-trimoxazole) are not listed in the World Health Organization guidelines on MDR-TB treatment but could be potential candidates for evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate antituberculous activity of these drugs against M. tuberculosis. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase for English articles published up to December 31, 2012. We reviewed in vitro, in vivo and clinical antituberculous activity of these drugs in addition to pharmacokinetics and side-effects. Of the drugs effective against actively replicating M. tuberculosis, co-trimoxazole seems to be the most promising, because of its consistent pharmacokinetic profile, easy penetration into tissue and safety profile. For the dormant state of TB, thioridazine may play a potential role as an adjuvant for treatment of MDR-TB. A strategy consisting of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, dose finding and phase III studies is needed to explore the role of these drugs in MDR-TB treatment.
Co-trimoxazole (SXT), a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, has shown in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters ...of SXT in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) are, thus far, lacking. Therefore, we evaluated its pharmacokinetics and drug susceptibility, along with its tolerability during treatment. Based on drug susceptibility testing, MDR-TB patients received SXT as a part of their MDR treatment. The pharmacokinetic parameters of sulfamethoxazole, the effective component of SXT against M. tuberculosis, were evaluated. The ratio of the area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used as the best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter to predict the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole. Adverse effects of SXT were also evaluated. 10 patients with MDR-TB (one of whom had extensively drug-resistant TB) received 480 mg of SXT with a median dosage of 6.5 mg·kg(-1) of SXT (range 6.1-6.8 mg·kg(-1)) once daily for a median treatment period of 381 days (range 129-465 days). In two patients, the dose was escalated to 960 mg. The free AUC0-24/MIC of sulfamethoxazole exceeded 25 in only one patient. SXT was safe and well-tolerated, except for one patient who had gastrointestinal side-effects after receiving 960 mg of SXT. Additional studies are needed to find the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets, and consequently to set the optimal dose, of SXT for MDR-TB treatment.
This paper revisited the role of trust in Business to Business Electronic Commerce (B2B EC) settings in Jordan, using an alternative view on trust suggesting that this variable has a moderating ...effect rather than having a direct impact on the intentions of firms to adopt B2B EC. An interactionist model among trust and technological, organizational, and environmental factors was developed. A survey of 239 supply chain managers in Jordan was used to test the proposed model. Analyzed data shows that the moderating impact of trust was significant in one path, which was perceived desirability (stemming from the diffusion of innovation theory and representing the technological view). Trust did not moderate the impacts of organizational and environmental variables. The findings provided insights into how existing relationships between trading partners may not be flexible enough to absorb new technology. In a context in which trust beliefs are well established and critical such as Jordan, the flexibility of firms in responding to adoption motivations may be hampered rather than enabled.
•This study revisits the role of trust on adoption of B2B e-commerce.•This study proposes the moderating role of trust.•Trust negatively moderates perceived desirability.•Trust may hamper rather than enable the adoption motivations.
A review of existing Electronic Commerce adoption literature reveals that the prevailing theoretical frameworks implicitly assume that organizations are independent and have complete control over ...their decisions to adopt innovations. Given the fact that organizations are often constrained by and depend on their environment and exchange partners to survive, this paper proposes that Resource Dependency can either be a facilitator or inhibitor of the role of Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) motivating factors. Using 239 valid responses from supply chain managers in Jordan, the study found partial support for the role of Resource Dependency as a moderator. The findings provide insights on how Resource Dependency between partners drives different patterns of innovation acceptance among potential adopters, regardless of several technological and organizational motivations to innovate. The results suggest that predicting how innovation is diffused within a market needs a detailed understanding of the inter-dependence structure among the supply chain members.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) including information sharing, resource sharing and joint knowledge creation in value ...creation within pharmaceutical supply chain (SC) and achieving competitive priorities for pharmaceutical companies in Jordan.Design/methodology/approachA descriptive analytical methodology was used through a comprehensive review of published and unpublished work from secondary sources of information in the areas of specific interest: e-collaboration and competitive priorities. The study was conducted at Jordan Food and Drug Administration (JFDA) (of which many pharmaceutical companies are linked electronically through JFDA workflow system). Data were collected (using paper questionnaire) from 90 electronically collaborating pharmaceutical companies and 81 complete responses were received, forming a 90 percent response rate. The analysis of collected data was performed using partial least square structure equation modeling.FindingsThe results of the analysis indicated that e-collaboration dimensions, information sharing and resource sharing, have a positive impact on competitive priorities, while joint knowledge creation was not significantly related to them. The results suggest that value creation in SC electronic systems is contingent on mutual resource synergy and joint collaboration among trading partners.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size for this study does not include all pharmaceutical companies in Jordan, as this electronic linkage within the pharmaceutical companies is at its early stage. Moreover, competitive priorities examined in this research are limited to a single industry context.Practical implicationsThis study offers a new insight into information technologies (IT)/business values that can be beneficial to IT and SC managers. By proposing the association between e-collaboration activities and competitive priorities, IT and SC managers are provided with a useful tool to link IT with collaborative activities that lead to value creation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the early studies about e-collaboration in pharmaceutical SC and competitive priorities in Jordan. As such, managers of manufacturing companies can use the outcome of this study to establish more collaborative partnerships within their SCs. This research contributes to encouraging pharmaceutical firms to focus on their export and marketing capabilities regionally and abroad which would establish a globally competitive pharmaceutical technology industry in Jordan.Social implicationsIt reveals that the adoption of IT alone to manage SC relationships is not sufficient to generate value. Both information- and resource-sharing activities are the core to do so .The results suggest that value creation in SC electronic systems is contingent on mutual resource synergy and joint collaboration among trading partners. The results of the analysis indicated that the dimension of e-collaboration, joint knowledge creation, was not significantly related to competitive priorities.Originality/valueThis study offers a contextual contribution. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the early studies about e-collaboration in pharmaceutical SC and competitive priorities in Jordan.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the conditions in which B2B e-commerce is most likely to diffuse widely at the country level. This paper examines the role of trading system complexity and ...pressure of competition on B2B EC diffusion by controlling Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure. Our sample comprises a pool of country-year dataset from 143 countries over a three-year period (2014-2016). The data were collected from Network Readiness Index Report and Global Competitiveness Report. The findings provide evidence that greater the complexity of trading relationships with the global economy and high level of pressure from the competition are the main forces for B2B use across countries. Consequently, the authors suggest that having a strong trade relationship with developed countries with matured B2B e-commerce practice is helpful in sustaining B2B e-commerce use across countries.
There are large deposits of waste materials from various industrial or building activity all over the world. Out of this enormous quantity of waste, a little amount gets recycled, while the rest is ...dumped in vulnerable places. This paper examines the potential use of waste materials in subbase, including recycled chips derived from waste polyethylene terephthalate plastics and cement kiln dust resulting from Portland cement industry as by-product. Samples were formed by blending fractions of 0, 4, 6, and 8% recycled chips with or without 3% cement kiln dust (CKD) by the required weight of subbase soil. The influence in terms of strength was evaluated using CBR values, which exhibited descending values with increasing recycled plastics chips contents. While the addition CKD significantly enlarged the values. Based on the CBR values 4% recycled plastics chips with 3% CKD blend is commended for subbase layer in roads construction.
With the increased rate of hate crimes and racist behavior around the world, a growing school of thought draws a connection between social media use and the rise in racist and hateful behavior. A ...number of psychologists and theorists have attempted to explain this connection. They argue that the deliberate design of social media websites, which uses algorithms to conform to users' currently held thoughts and beliefs, creates polarization and bias among users, pushing them towards preexisting views. While racist behavior is primarily motivated by bias, social media has the potential to foster such bias. However, although under the theory of confirmation bias this assertion appears theoretically sound and justifiable; few studies have attempted to validate it empirically. In this study, we developed a conceptual framework to examine the effect of social media on bias among its users, with a specific focus on religious beliefs. We then examined the influence of religious bias on racist behavior. We tested the proposed model using data from secondary sources. In conclusion, the findings of our regression analysis did not support the proposed hypothesis. In this paper, we present and discuss our findings, along with their implications for research and policy.
•A growing school of thought draws a connection between social media use and the rise in racist and hateful behavior.•Few studies have attempted to validate this assertion empirically.•We developed a conceptual framework to examine the effect of social media on religious beliefs bias.•The findings of our regression analysis did not support the proposed hypothesis.
PDF
