Background
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are one of the main causes of virus‐induced asthma exacerbations. Infiltration of B lymphocytes into the subepithelial tissue of the lungs has been demonstrated ...during rhinovirus infection in allergic individuals. However, the mechanisms through which HRVs modulate the immune responses of monocytes and lymphocytes are not yet well described.
Objective
To study the dynamics of virus uptake by monocytes and lymphocytes, and the ability of HRVs to induce the activation of in vitro‐cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Methods
Flow cytometry was used for the enumeration and characterization of lymphocytes. Proliferation was estimated using 3H‐thymidine or CFSE labeling and ICAM‐1 blocking. We used bead‐based multiplex assays and quantitative PCR for cytokine quantification. HRV accumulation and replication inside the B lymphocytes was detected by a combination of in situ hybridization (ISH), immunofluorescence, and PCR for positive‐strand and negative‐strand viral RNA. Cell images were acquired with imaging flow cytometry.
Results
By means of imaging flow cytometry, we demonstrate a strong and quick binding of HRV types 16 and 1B to monocytes, and slower interaction of these HRVs with CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells. Importantly, we show that HRVs induce the proliferation of B cells, while the addition of anti‐ICAM‐1 antibody partially reduces this proliferation for HRV16. We prove with ISH that HRVs can enter B cells, form their viral replication centers, and the newly formed virions are able to infect HeLa cells. In addition, we demonstrate that similar to epithelial cells, HRVs induce the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate for the first time that HRVs enter and form viral replication centers in B lymphocytes and induce the proliferation of B cells. Newly formed virions have the capacity to infect other cells (HeLa). These findings indicate that the regulation of human rhinovirus‐induced B‐cell responses could be a novel approach to develop therapeutics to treat the virus‐induced exacerbation of asthma.
Although approximately 85 million units of red blood cells (RBCs) are transfused annually worldwide, transfusion practices vary widely. The AABB (formerly, the American Association of Blood Banks) ...developed this guideline to provide clinical recommendations about hemoglobin concentration thresholds and other clinical variables that trigger RBC transfusions in hemodynamically stable adults and children.
These guidelines are based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials evaluating transfusion thresholds. We performed a literature search from 1950 to February 2011 with no language restrictions. We examined the proportion of patients who received any RBC transfusion and the number of RBC units transfused to describe the effect of restrictive transfusion strategies on RBC use. To determine the clinical consequences of restrictive transfusion strategies, we examined overall mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, cardiac events, pulmonary edema, stroke, thromboembolism, renal failure, infection, hemorrhage, mental confusion, functional recovery, and length of hospital stay. RECOMMENDATION 1: The AABB recommends adhering to a restrictive transfusion strategy (7 to 8 g/dL) in hospitalized, stable patients (Grade: strong recommendation; high-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2: The AABB suggests adhering to a restrictive strategy in hospitalized patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease and considering transfusion for patients with symptoms or a hemoglobin level of 8 g/dL or less (Grade: weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 3: The AABB cannot recommend for or against a liberal or restrictive transfusion threshold for hospitalized, hemodynamically stable patients with the acute coronary syndrome (Grade: uncertain recommendation; very low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 4: The AABB suggests that transfusion decisions be influenced by symptoms as well as hemoglobin concentration (Grade: weak recommendation; low-quality evidence).
Background
The relationships between tonsillar immune responses, and viral infection and allergy are incompletely known.
Objective
To study intratonsillar/nasopharyngeal virus detections and in vivo ...expressions of T‐cell‐ and innate immune response‐specific cytokines, transcription factors, and type I/II/III interferons in human tonsils.
Methods
Palatine tonsil samples were obtained from 143 elective tonsillectomy patients. Adenovirus, bocavirus‐1, coronavirus, enteroviruses, influenza virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were detected using PCR. The mRNA expression levels of IFN‐α, IFN‐β, IFN‐γ, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐17, IL‐28, IL‐29, IL‐37, TGF‐β, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2, and Tbet were directly analyzed by quantitative RT‐PCR.
Results
Fifty percentage of subjects reported allergy, 59% had ≥1 nasopharyngeal viruses, and 24% had ≥1 intratonsillar viruses. Tonsillar virus detection showed a strong negative association with age; especially rhinovirus or parainfluenza virus detection showed positive association with IFN‐γ and Tbet expressions. IL‐37 expression was positively associated with atopic dermatitis, whereas IFN‐α, IL‐13, IL‐28, and Tbet expressions were negatively associated with allergic diseases. Network analyses demonstrated strongly polarized clusters of immune regulatory (IL‐10, IL‐17, TGF‐β, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2, Tbet) and antiviral (IFN‐α, IFN‐β, IL‐28, IL‐29) genes. These two clusters became more distinctive in the presence of viral infection or allergy. A negative correlation between antiviral cytokines and IL‐10, IL‐17, IL‐37, FOXP3, and RORC2 was observed only in the presence of viruses, and interestingly, IL‐13 strongly correlated with antiviral cytokines.
Conclusions
Tonsillar cytokine expression is closely related to existing viral infections, age, and allergic illnesses and shows distinct clusters between antiviral and immune regulatory genes.
Political speeches play a vital role in the communication strategies of political leaders, enabling them to express their ideas, mobilize support, and persuade the public. Within this context, the ...effective use of rhetorical devices assumes paramount importance in conveying messages. This paper aimed to investigate the role of antithesis as a potent linguistic tool of persuasion in political speeches, specifically within the context of Kosovo. The paper sought to examine the prevalence and patterns of antithesis in political speeches delivered by Kosovo politicians, analyze its rhetorical effectiveness in shaping public opinion and influencing political discourse, explore sociopolitical and cultural factors that influence its usage, and assess its impact on audience perception and receptiveness to political messages. The paper employed methodologies such as corpus analysis, rhetorical analysis, and sociopolitical analysis, to achieve its objectives. The expected contributions of this paper lie in advancing our understanding of political rhetoric in Kosovo, highlighting the significance of antithesis as a persuasive linguistic tool, and enriching the knowledge base in the field of political communication.
The aim of this study is to reveal the role of internal organizational communication in motivating employees in public service organizations. Data were collected from 249 surveyed employees, in the ...mobile telecommunications sector in Kosovo, specifically in the Vala mobile company. The collected data was analyzed by using the SPSS system. The study found that information sharing had the greatest effect on employee motivation, followed by employee involvement in decision-making. This paper can be useful for managers and heads to create an organizational culture that promotes both motivation and performance. This paper is unique as it examines the links between organizational communication, motivation, and performance.
Modern digital media have enabled the president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, to talk to foreign parliaments while his country is at war. Zelensky’s virtual communications are not aimed at ...enhancing Ukraine’s international image, as in traditional forms of public diplomacy; rather, they seek to obtain military assistance and reach a mutually beneficial outcome for his country. These, however, are activities of media diplomacy, a concept that scholars have abandoned over the last two decades in favour of public diplomacy. Through a critical review, this study examines the division between these concepts and other related concepts and analyses the role of the media in international communications, including those in times of war. The widespread use of technology and social media, as well as the specific diplomatic communications that have allowed Zelensky to talk to the world, have led to the conclusion that the current concepts of media diplomacy, public diplomacy, and digital diplomacy are not appropriate in the current circumstances. Therefore, a new concept is proposed: digital media diplomacy.
The outcome of the dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia determines in many ways peace and stability in the Balkans and the process of integration of the western Balkans in the EU. The dialogue and the ...solution of the dispute between these countries becomes especially important under the situation of the potential aggression of Russia against Ukraine. It is very clear that Kosovo has shown its orientations towards deep integration in EU and NATO whereas the attitudes of Serbia remain to be clarified. Talks or dialogues between parties in this dispute have started many years ago and the outcomes were far from expectations. The dialogue process was ambiguous in many aspects. Especially in the aspect of parties and the facilitation or mediation of the entire process. Thus, the article gives a description of the long lasting dialogue underlaying the most important acts and the shortcomings of the dialogue along with the expected results.
Modeling global transfusion medicine education Smit Sibinga, Cees Th; Louw, Vernon J.; Nedelcu, Elena ...
Transfusion (Philadelphia, Pa.),
October 2021, Letnik:
61, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This document provides an analysis and oversight of the necessary educational infrastructure at national level needed for successful and sustainable education programs undergraduate and post-graduate ...and is focused on desired outcomes needed to secure general Transfusion Medicine (TM) competence and basic skills when appointed in a professional TM position. It provides a global model framework for TM education allowing individual countries to tailor the context and contents of the institutional curriculum.
Education in transfusion medicine is a complex set of intimately interrelated and interconnected components that allow student and fellow exposure to knowledge and skills, the ultimate curriculum. The extent to which knowledge and skills, professionalism and leadership principles are offered depends on the expected outcomes needed for the desired roles, tasks and functions.
A model for the development and implementation of an education (teaching and training) curriculum in Transfusion Medicine aimed at medical students and doctors, nurses and midwives, and laboratory professionals should ideally include an outcomes-based component, with clear recommendations on the required roles, skills, attitudes, and knowledge of a trainee completing such a curriculum. This should correspond to the environment and scope of practice required from such a vocational or academic professional and should address deficiencies in knowledge, skills and attitudes present before the curriculum is completed, while taking into account fundamental international standards of knowledge and the needs of their working climate and environment. Therefore, it is considered more practical to provide a set of outcomes that would be useful in most contexts and settings, while equipping students, as adult learners, with the tools for advancing their educational, professional and leadership development suited to their availability and socio-economic environment.
The framework or model recognizes that no one set of education or training initiatives will be appropriate in all countries or settings and should be tailored to specific settings based on the assessment of local needs and available environments.
Political actors often use media to convey messages of self-praise to the public. In such cases, they give the media only the information representing their positive side. When the developments in ...society pose increasing public interest as was the case with the last agreement between Pristina and Belgrade which is treated in this paper, the parties pay more attention to presenting themselves as winners against each other, rather than being concerned with informing the public about the real content of the international agreement. The findings of the paper show that a message giver, which could be either the Serbian party or the Albanian party of Kosovo, has at the same time four groups of message receivers: the country 's opposition, itos electorate, the opposing parties and the international mediation party. Considering that their message is addressed to those four different types of public, the findings show that the givers of the message do not hesitate to massage the message in order to impact the four different groups of public, and use media only as a transmission channel of their public relation strategies.
This paper examines the preparation of educators for their planned and carried forms of assessment in the classroom with children aged 5-6 years in preschool institutions and preparatory classes. ...Moreover, the paper arguments the cooperation that educators maintain with parents to achieve the development of children and to convey information about their progress or stagnation. The purpose of this study is to understand whether educators are prepared to conduct assessment based on the needs and interests of children through various evaluation instruments, systematic monitoring and application of different methods during daily activities. The results of the study are based on the quantitative method - survey with educators (N = 150 questionnaires) and the qualitative method, 5 observations of evaluation instruments by 20 educators from different kindergartens, 6 individual interviews with educators and 2 interviews with headmasters. The results depict the views and preparation of educators in the field of early childhood assessment, as well as their approach on how to observe children and inform parents about their children's progress and stagnation.
PDF
