Anxiety disorders increase risk of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, even after controlling for confounds including smoking, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status, and irrespective of ...a history of medical disorders. While impaired vagal function, indicated by reductions in heart rate variability (HRV), may be one mechanism linking anxiety disorders to CVD, prior studies have reported inconsistent findings highlighting the need for meta-analysis.
Studies comparing resting-state HRV recordings in patients with an anxiety disorder as a primary diagnosis and healthy controls were considered for meta-analysis.
Meta-analyses were based on 36 articles, including 2086 patients with an anxiety disorder and 2294 controls. Overall, anxiety disorders were characterized by lower HRV high frequency (HF): Hedges' g = -0.29. 95% CI: -0.41 to -0.17, p < 0.001; time domain: Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI: -0.57 to -0.33, p < 0.001 than controls. Panic disorder (n = 447), post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 192), generalized anxiety disorder (n = 68), and social anxiety disorder (n = 90), but not obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 40), displayed reductions in HF HRV relative to controls (all ps < 0.001).
Anxiety disorders are associated with reduced HRV, findings associated with a small-to-moderate effect size. Findings have important implications for future physical health and well-being of patients, highlighting a need for comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction.
The psychological well-being of parents and children is compromised in families characterized by greater parenting stress. As parental mindfulness is associated with lower parenting stress, a growing ...number of studies have investigated whether mindfulness interventions can improve outcomes for families. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions for parents, in reducing parenting stress and improving youth psychological outcomes.
A literature search for peer-reviewed articles and dissertations was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in the PsycInfo, Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses databases. Studies were included if they reported on a mindfulness-based intervention delivered in person to parents with the primary aim of reducing parenting stress or improving youth psychological outcomes.
Twenty-five independent studies were included in the review. Eighteen studies used a single group design and six were randomized controlled trials. Within-groups, meta-analysis indicated a small, post-intervention reduction in parenting stress (
= 0.34), growing to a moderate reduction at 2 month follow-up (
= 0.53). Overall, there was a small improvement in youth outcomes (
= 0.27). Neither youth age or clinical status, nor time in mindfulness training, moderated parenting stress or overall youth outcome effects. Youth outcomes were not moderated by intervention group attendees. Change in parenting stress predicted change in youth externalizing and cognitive effects, but not internalizing effects. In controlled studies, parenting stress reduced more in mindfulness groups than control groups (
= 0.44). Overall, risk of bias was assessed as serious.
Mindfulness interventions for parents may reduce parenting stress and improve youth psychological functioning. While improvements in youth externalizing and cognitive outcomes may be explained by reductions in parenting stress, it appears that other parenting factors may contribute to improvements in youth internalizing outcomes. Methodological weaknesses in the reviewed literature prevent firm conclusions from being drawn regarding effectiveness. Future research should address these methodological issues before mindfulness interventions for parents are recommended as an effective treatment option for parents or their children.
The impostor phenomenon is a pervasive psychological experience of perceived intellectual and professional fraudulence. It is not a diagnosable condition yet observed in clinical and normal ...populations. Increasingly, impostorism research has expanded beyond clinical and into applied settings. However, to date, a systematic review examining the methodological quality of impostorism measures used to conduct such research has yet to be carried out. This systematic review examines trait impostor phenomenon measures and evaluates their psychometric properties against a quality assessment framework. Systematic searches were carried out on six electronic databases, seeking original empirical studies examining the conceptualization, development, or validation of self-report impostor phenomenon scales. A subsequent review of reference lists also included two full-text dissertations. Predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified to select the final 18 studies in the review sample. Of the studies included, four measures of the impostor phenomenon were identified and their psychometric properties assessed against the quality appraisal tool-Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale, Harvey Impostor Scale, Perceived Fraudulence Scale, and Leary Impostor Scale. The findings often highlighted that studies did not necessarily report poor psychometric properties; rather an absence of data and stringent assessment criteria resulted in lower methodological ratings. Recommendations for future research are made to address the conceptual clarification of the construct's dimensionality, to improve future study quality and to enable better discrimination between measures.
Highlights • Imagery Rescripting (IR) aims to alter negative meanings associated with distressing memories. • The current study assessed the impact of IR on social anxiety disorder (SAD). • 60 SAD ...participants completed IR, Cognitive Restructuring (CR) or a Control procedure. • Both IR and CR showed large positive effects, but mechanisms of action differed. • IR for SAD may benefit from prior CR to target both verbal and imaginal self-representations
Objectives
Self-compassion is a healthy way of relating to one’s self motivated by a desire to help rather than harm. Novel self-compassion-based interventions have targeted diverse populations and ...outcomes. This meta-analysis identified randomized controlled trials of self-compassion interventions and measured their effects on psychosocial outcomes.
Methods
This meta-analysis included a systematic search of six databases and hand-searches of the included study’s reference lists. Twenty-seven randomized controlled trials that examined validated psychosocial measures for self-compassion-based interventions met inclusion criteria. Baseline, post and follow-up data was extracted for the intervention and control groups, and study quality was assessed using the PRISMA checklist.
Results
Self-compassion interventions led to a significant improvement across 11 diverse psychosocial outcomes compared with controls. Notably, the aggregate effect size Hedge’s
g
was large for measures of eating behavior (
g
= 1.76) and rumination (
g
= 1.37). Effects were moderate for self-compassion (
g
= 0.75), stress (
g
= 0.67), depression (
g
= 0.66), mindfulness (
g
= 0.62), self-criticism (
g
= 0.56), and anxiety (
g
= 0.57) outcomes. Further moderation analyses found that the improvements in depression symptoms continued to increase at follow-up, and self-compassion gains were maintained. Results differed across population type and were stronger for the group over individual delivery methods. Intervention type was too diverse to analyze specific categories, and publication bias may be present.
Conclusions
This review supports the efficacy of self-compassion-based interventions across a range of outcomes and diverse populations. Future research should consider the mechanisms of change.
Objective: The present study determined interrater agreement on diagnoses achieved using the parent and child versions of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children for DSM-IV (ADIS-C/P) ...and examined informant, age, and gender influences on reliability. Method: Diagnoses established for 153 seven- to 16-year-old children during live administration of the ADIS-C/P were compared to diagnoses identified by a second rater after viewing a video recording of the interviews. Results: When information from both parent and child interviews was used, the level of agreement between raters for principal diagnosis (kappa = 0.92) and the individual anxiety disorders (kappa = 0.80-1.0) was excellent. Agreement on common comorbid disorders was good (kappa = 0.65-0.77). Agreement was also good to excellent when diagnoses were assigned based on separate child or parent interviews, aside from children's report of externalizing disorders. Age and gender did not consistently impact interrater agreement. Conclusions: The data indicate that the present version of the ADIS-C/P provides consistent diagnostic results across different clinicians and indicates improvements in the reliability of diagnoses following criterion changes in DSM-IV. (Contains 4 tables.)
There are a number of factors commonly believed to be important to the development and maintenance of binge eating that have been identified across multiple models and theories in the psychological ...literature. In the present study, we sought to develop and test a psychological model for binge eating that incorporated the main variables identified in the literature to drive binge eating behaviour; specifically, core low self-esteem, negative affect, difficulty with emotional regulation, restricted eating and beliefs about eating.
Questionnaire data was collected from 760 unselected participants. The proposed model of binge eating was developed, bivariate relationships between the included variables were assessed, and the goodness-of-fit of this new model was evaluated using structural equations modelling.
The results identified significant bivariate relationships between all the included variables. While the originally proposed model did not provide a good fit to the data, the revised version of the model provided a good fit to the data.
Supporting, integrating and building upon the current existing psychological models of binge eating, this study presents a new integrated cognitive and behavioural model of binge eating. The dual-pathway to binge eating identified in the new model provides a different way to understand transdiagnostic binge eating.
Inpatient psychiatric hospitals have remained a standard aspect of mental health treatment for many centuries. While numerous treatments have been empirically validated to assist inpatients, less is ...known about how inpatients perceive psychiatric hospitals. A meta-review, which is a systematic review of systematic reviews, was conducted to examine the factors reported by inpatients which affect their perception of psychiatric hospitals. MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE were systematically searched. Reviews that considered the perception of adults with mental illness admitted to an inpatient psychiatric hospital were eligible for inclusion. The AMSTAR-2 was used to assess for methodological quality and bias of eligible reviews, with reviews judged to have critical issues excluded. Thematic synthesis was used to detect key overarching factors that generalised across multiple reviews. Twelve systematic reviews were included of which seven key factors were extracted. These were; relationships on the ward, the ward environment, coercive measures, legal status, autonomy, feeling deserving of care, and expectations of care at admission and discharge. Inpatients report several factors that need to be considered when creating a therapeutic environment in a psychiatric hospital. While the importance of therapeutic rapport was the most consistently referenced factor in the included reviews, all factors are likely interwoven and modifiable. Limitations of this meta-review and directions for future research are discussed.
Background
Emerging evidence suggests that death anxiety is an important transdiagnostic construct underlying a range of psychological disorders. Terror Management Theory (TMT) is currently the ...preeminent theoretical framework used to explain the role that death fears play in psychopathology. This study sought to examine the TMT approach to understanding clinical anxiety while addressing several methodological limitations associated with the existing empirical literature.
Method
Semi-structured diagnostic interviewing was employed to recruit two groups of participants with either Social Anxiety Disorder or no anxiety diagnosis. All participants were randomly allocated to receive either mortality salience or control priming, before undertaking two tasks designed to measure social and physical anxiety symptoms, respectively.
Results
The overall pattern of results failed to provide evidence in support of the novel hypotheses derived from TMT. Mortality salience priming did not exacerbate social anxiety symptoms for participants with Social Anxiety Disorder, but did exacerbate physical anxiety symptoms for these individuals. No such effect was observed for non-clinical participants.
Conclusion
These results suggest that more robust theoretical frameworks may be needed to explain the evident, but likely complex, relationship between death fears and clinical anxiety. Directions for future research are discussed.
Recent research suggests that the transdiagnostic construct of death anxiety may be a basic fear underlying a range of anxiety disorders. Although the investigation of death anxiety in clinical ...populations is relatively recent, the death anxiety literature as a whole has a longer history evidenced by the number of instruments developed to measure this construct. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence supporting the psychometric properties of self-report death anxiety measures. Relevant studies were identified via a systematic search of four electronic databases in addition to reference list searches. Two independent reviewers evaluated relevant studies using the established Terwee et al. quality appraisal tool. Of the 1831 studies identified, 89 met inclusion criteria. These studies investigated the psychometric properties of 21 self-report scales of death anxiety as well as six subscales. No measure was found to possess evidence of adequacy on all evaluated quality criteria. The Templer Death Anxiety Scale, Concerns about Dying Instrument and Death Concern Scale were found to possess the most evidence supporting their validity and reliability. Overall findings suggest that additional research is needed to establish the psychometric adequacy of death anxiety instruments, especially given increased utilization of these measures in both clinical and research settings.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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