This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal ...contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.
Kako tehnika kvantitativne zavisnosti svojstva od structure pruža pogodno sredstvo za predvid strok signanje kritične koncentracije miceia (CMC) gemini surfaktanata iz njihovih deskriptora strukture. ...U ovom radu, izveden je uporedni rad za modeiiovanje CMC svojstva 211 različitih gemini surfaktanata na osnovu njihovih strukturnih karakteristika koristeći linearne i nelinearne kvantitativne modele odnosa struktura-svojstvo. Za modeiovanje CMC-a razvijeni su model najmanjih kvadrata i parcijalni najmanji kvadrati za regresijski model k-najbiižih suseda, veštačku neuronsku mrežu i regresiju potpornih vektora (SVR). Molekularni deskríptori su izračunati i pregledani kako bi se uklonili neprikladni deskriptor i i poboljšalo učenje. Rezultati ukazuju da su poboljšane performanse SVR kada se hiper-parametri optimizujupomoću algoritma Dragonfly (SVR-DA) bile izuzetno sposobne za predvid strok signanje vrednosti pCMC (-iogCMC) sa prosečnim apsolutnim relativnim odstupanjem od 0,666 i koeficijentom determinacije (R2) od 0,997 za globalni skup podataka.
In this paper, we have compiled and reviewed the most recent literature, published in print or online from January 2010 to December 2012, relating to the human exposure, environmental distribution, ...behaviour, fate and concentration time trends of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants, in order to establish their current trends and priorities for future study. More data are now becoming available for remote areas not previously studied, Indian Ocean islands, for example. Decreasing time trends for penta-mix PBDE congeners were seen for soils in northern Europe, sewage sludge in Sweden and the USA, carp from a US river, trout from three of the Great Lakes and in Arctic and UK marine mammals and many birds, but increasing time trends continue in polar bears and some birds at high trophic levels in northern Europe. This may be partially a result of the time delay inherent in long-range atmospheric transport processes. In general, concentrations of BDE209 (the major component of the deca-mix PBDE product) are continuing to increase. Of major concern is the possible/likely debromination of the large reservoir of BDE209 in soils and sediments worldwide, to yield lower brominated congeners which are both more mobile and more toxic, and we have compiled the most recent evidence for the occurrence of this degradation process. Numerous studies reported here reinforce the importance of this future concern. Time trends for HBCDs are mixed, with both increases and decreases evident in different matrices and locations and, notably, with increasing occurrence in birds of prey. Temporal trends for both PBDEs and HBCD in Asia are unclear currently. A knowledge gap has been noted in relation to metabolism and/or debromination of BDE209 and HBCD in birds. Further monitoring of human exposure and environmental contamination in areas of e-waste recycling, particularly in Asia and Africa, is warranted. More data on temporal trends of BDE and HBCD concentrations in a variety of matrices and locations are needed before the current status of these compounds can be fully assessed, and the impact of regulation and changing usage patterns among different flame retardants determined.
•The literature regarding PBDEs and HBCDs 2010–2012 has been reviewed.•Decreasing time trends for penta-mix PBDE congeners have been observed.•In contrast, concentrations of BDE209 (deca-mix PBDE product) continue to increase.•Debromination of BDE209 to yield more mobile and toxic congeners remains a concern.•Time trends for HBCDs are mixed, with both increases and decreases evident.
Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study ...(GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.
We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost YLLs and years lived with disability YLDs) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.
Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million 95% UI 247–308) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million 8·8–9·4). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% 34–44 and DALYs by 15% 9–21) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% 26–30 and DALYs by 27% 24–31) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% 38·6–46·1), migraine (16·3% 11·7–20·8), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% 9·0–12·1), and meningitis (7·9% 6·6–10·4). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 1·05–1·20), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% 11·8–35·1 of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% 10·8–17·5 of DALYs are risk attributable).
Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) ...and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time.
For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis DTP vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development.
By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% 95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% 37·5–42·1), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% 35·4–41·3 in 1980 to 83·6% 82·3–84·8 in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6–60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4–15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019.
After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development ...Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
Prevention, control, and treatment of respiratory tract cancers are important steps towards achieving target 3.4 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a one-third reduction in premature ...mortality due to non-communicable diseases by 2030. We aimed to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019.
Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 methodology, we evaluated the incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of respiratory tract cancers (ie, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer). Deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated on the basis of risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input from 204 countries and territories, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Trends were estimated from 1990 to 2019, with an emphasis on the 2010–19 period.
Globally, there were 2·26 million (95% uncertainty interval 2·07 to 2·45) new cases of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and 2·04 million (1·88 to 2·19) deaths and 45·9 million (42·3 to 49·3) DALYs due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in 2019. There were 209 000 (194 000 to 225 000) new cases of larynx cancer, and 123 000 (115 000 to 133 000) deaths and 3·26 million (3·03 to 3·51) DALYs due to larynx cancer globally in 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the number of new tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer cases increased by 23·3% (12·9 to 33·6) globally and the number of larynx cancer cases increased by 24·7% (16·0 to 34·1) globally. Global age-standardised incidence rates of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer decreased by 7·4% (−16·8 to 1·6) and age-standardised incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased by 3·0% (−10·5 to 5·0) in males over the past decade; however, during the same period, age-standardised incidence rates in females increased by 0·9% (−8·2 to 10·2) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and decreased by 0·5% (−8·4 to 8·1) for larynx cancer. Furthermore, although age-standardised incidence and death rates declined in both sexes combined from 2010 to 2019 at the global level for tracheal, bronchus, lung and larynx cancers, some locations had rising rates, particularly those on the lower end of the SDI range. Smoking contributed to an estimated 64·2% (61·9–66·4) of all deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and 63·4% (56·3–69·3) of all deaths from larynx cancer in 2019. For males and for both sexes combined, smoking was the leading specific risk factor for age-standardised deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer per 100 000 in all SDI quintiles and GBD regions in 2019. However, among females, household air pollution from solid fuels was the leading specific risk factor in the low SDI quintile and in three GBD regions (central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa) in 2019.
The numbers of incident cases and deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer increased globally during the past decade. Even more concerning, age-standardised incidence and death rates due to tracheal, bronchus, lung cancer and larynx cancer increased in some populations—namely, in the lower SDI quintiles and among females. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions, air quality management programmes focused on major air pollution sources, and widespread access to clean energy should be prioritised in these settings.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Pyochelin, its analog 3''-nor-NH-pyochelin, and the related methyl hydroxamate, 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazol-4-carboxylic acid methoxymethyl amide, have been prepared together with their ...Fe(III) complexes. The solution stoichiometry and the coordination of the three Fe(III) complexes in methanol or buffered (pH approximately 2) 50:50 (v/v) methanol-water mixtures were determined using various spectroscopic methods: UV-vis absorption, X-ray absorption, extended X-ray absorption fine structure and electron paramagnetic resonance. All three systems showed both a 1:1 and 2:1 ligand-Fe(III) stoichiometry, but presented different coordination properties. Conditional formation constants (pH approximately 2) were determined for both the 1:1 and 2:1 complexes in all three systems. Computation of the coordination-conformational energies by semiempirical methods indicated that the coordination in the case of the 2:1 complexes of pyochelin-Fe(III) and 3''-nor-NH-pyochelin-Fe(III) was asymmetrical, with one molecule of pyochelin (or 3''-nor-NH-pyochelin) tetradentately coordinated (O1, N1, N2 and O3) to the Fe(III), and the second molecule bound bidentately (O1, N1 or N2, O3), to complete the octahedral geometry. In contrast, two molecules of the methyl hydroxamate each provided a set of tridentate ligand atoms in the formation of the 2:1 ligand-Fe(III) complex. These results are consistent with the role of pyochelin in the uptake of iron by the FptA receptor in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in several gram-negative bacteria.
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