•Deep drawability is improved with coating of die.•VC-coated die is suitable for deep drawing of ultra-high strength steel sheets.•TiN-coated die is not suitable for deep drawing of ultra-high ...strength steel sheets.•Quality of deep drawn sheets is influenced by the drawing conditions.
The formability of deep drawn ultra-high strength steel sheets in dies coated with either titanium nitride (TiN) or Vanadium carbide (VC) at different drawing speeds and ironing ratios was investigated. TiN was deposited via chemical vapour deposition and physical vapour deposition (PVD) while thermal diffusion was used for VC deposition. In non-coated dies, seizure occurred on both surfaces of the die and the side wall of the drawn cup irrespective of the deep drawing conditions. The deep drawability is improved with coating of die. Whereas in coated dies, seizure became significant only during deep drawing extreme conditions of 120mm/s for TiN-coated dies; and this was prevented in VC-coated dies across all drawing conditions. The VC-coated die was suitable for deep drawing of ultra-high strength steel sheets. The delayed fractured observed in the ultra-high strength steel cups occurred for a large amount of ironing ratio and drawing speeds; and this can be prevented by appropriate heat treatment.
Liquid water is one of the most important materials affecting the climate and habitability of a terrestrial planet. Liquid water vaporizes entirely when planets receive insolation above a certain ...critical value, which is called the runaway greenhouse threshold. This threshold forms the inner most limit of the habitable zone. Here we investigate the effects of the distribution of surface water on the runaway greenhouse threshold for Earth‐sized planets using a three‐dimensional dynamic atmosphere model. We considered a 1 bar atmosphere whose composition is similar to the current Earth's atmosphere with a zonally uniform distribution of surface water. As previous studies have already showed, we also recognized two climate regimes: the land planet regime, which has dry low‐latitude and wet high‐latitude regions, and the aqua planet regime, which is globally wet. We showed that each regime is controlled by the width of the Hadley circulation, the amount of surface water, and the planetary topography. We found that the runaway greenhouse threshold varies continuously with the surface water distribution from about 130% (an aqua planet) to 180% (the extreme case of a land planet) of the present insolation at Earth's orbit. Our results indicate that the inner edge of the habitable zone is not a single sharp boundary, but a border whose location varies depending on planetary surface condition, such as the amount of surface water. Since land planets have wider habitable zones and less cloud cover, land planets would be good targets for future observations investigating planetary habitability.
Key Points
The onset of the runaway greenhouse effect depends strongly on the surface water distribution
The runaway threshold increases as the surface water distribution retreats toward higher latitude outside the Hadley circulation
The lower the water amount on a terrestrial planet, the longer the planet remains in habitable condition
Delineation of the characteristics of magmatic fluid such as melt and water beneath volcanoes has been challenging. In this study, we obtained a detailed picture of the magma reservoir beneath the ...felsic caldera of Hakone volcano, central Japan using a velocity model obtained from a dense seismic observation network. In the shallow region of the caldera, a high‐velocity region associated with a solidified magma where many earthquake swarms occur was estimated, and a significantly low‐velocity region exists beneath the lower depth limit of seismicity, deeper than 6 km. The upper part of this low‐velocity region is interpreted as a water‐rich region established by the dehydration from the magma reservoir located beneath it. The temperature in this water‐rich zone was estimated to be above 350°C based on its location below the seismogenic depth. The upper depth of the magma reservoir was determined to be 9 km deep, where the high‐ratio of P‐ to S‐wave velocity was estimated. The volume fraction of melt was estimated as less than 10%, suggesting a highly crystallized mush structure. The low‐velocity zone was estimated beneath the shallow magma reservoir at a depth of 15 km and deep extension of the source region of deep low‐frequency earthquakes. The results could suggest the pathway of magma transport from the deep part of the volcano to this shallow reservoir.
Key Points
A highly resolved velocity model estimated a picture of the magma reservoir beneath felsic volcano
The upper part of the magma reservoir is at a 9‐km depth with a highly crystallized mush structure
Water‐rich zone dehydrated from the magma reservoir was developed at upper part of the reservoir
Deformation behaviour and reduction in flying speed of scrap in trimming of ultra-high-strength steel sheets.
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The deformation behaviour of a sharing sheet and the flying behaviour of ...a cut scrap in trimming of ultra-high strength steel sheets were observed to reduce the flying speed of the scrap and noise level. As the sheet strength increased, the peak trimming load became large, and thus the flying speed of the scrap increased. Although the flying speed of the scrap for the mild steel sheet was close to the free-fall speed, the speed for the 1180MPa sheet was accelerated to about two times of the mild steel sheet. The maximum sound pressure level in trimming increased with increasing sheet strength and punch speed. To reduce the flying speed of the scrap in trimming of the ultra-high strength steel sheets, the whole, local and double bevel punches were applied. For the whole bevel punch, not only the trimming load but also the flying speed decreased because of gradual release of energy. For the double bevel punch, however, the sudden release of energy at the end of shearing brought about a high flying speed. It was found that the whole bevel punch was effective in reducing the flying speed of the scrap and the noise level in trimming of ultra-high strength steel sheets.
Abstract Although epidermal growth factor (EGF) and neuregulin-1 are neurotrophic factors for mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and implicated in schizophrenia, the cellular localization and ...developmental regulation of their receptors (ErbB1-4) remain to be characterized. Here we investigated the distributions of mRNA for ErbB1-4 in the midbrain of the developing mouse with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The expression of ErbB1 and ErbB2 mRNAs was relatively high at the perinatal stage and frequently colocalized with mRNA for S100β and Olig2, markers for immature astrocytes or oligodendrocyte precursors. Modest signal for ErbB1 mRNA was also detected in a subset of dopaminergic neurons. ErbB3 mRNA was detectable at postnatal day 10, peaked at postnatal day 18, and colocalized with 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, a marker for oligodendrocytes. In contrast, ErbB4 mRNA was exclusively localized in neurons throughout development. Almost all of ErbB4 mRNA-expressing cells (94%–96%) were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra pars compacta but 66%–78% in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars lateralis. Conversely, 92%–99% of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells expressed ErbB4 mRNA. The robust and restricted expression of ErbB4 mRNA in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons suggests that ErbB4 ligands, neuregulin-1 and other EGF-related molecules, contribute to development or maintenance of this neuronal population.
A slight clearance punching process of ultra-high strength steel sheets using a punch having a small round edge was developed to improve the quality of the sheared edge. No crack from the edge of the ...punch was generated by relaxing concentration of deformation with the punch having a small round edge, and the fracture was delayed. A small edge radius of 0.13mm was effective for improving the quality of the sheared edge of ultra-high strength steel sheets, the increase in shiny burnished surface. The delayed fracture was prevented by the increase in compressive residual stress for the punch having the small round edge. For 1000 strike punching of an ultra-high strength steel sheet having a tensile strength of 1200MPa, a sheared edge of high quality was produced with a TiAlN-coated punch having the small round edge. In addition, the chipping of the punch edge was prevented even for a slight clearance by the small round edge. It was found that both small round edge and slight clearance are indispensable for high quality punching of ultra-high strength steel sheets having low ductility.
► Ultra-high strength steel sheets were punched with a punch having a small round edge. ► Slight clearance was used to improve the quality of the sheared edge. ► No crack from the edge of the punch was generated by relaxing deformation. ► Shiny burnished surface of the sheared edge increased. ► Both small round edge and slight clearance are indispensable.
The Rare-RI Ring (R3) is a recently commissioned cyclotronlike storage ring mass spectrometer dedicated to mass measurements of exotic nuclei far from stability at Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory ...(RIBF) in RIKEN. The first application of mass measurement using the R3 mass spectrometer at RIBF is reported. Rare isotopes produced at RIBF-^{127}Sn, ^{126}In, ^{125}Cd, ^{124}Ag, ^{123}Pd-were injected in R3. Masses of ^{126}In, ^{125}Cd, and ^{123}Pd were measured whereby the mass uncertainty of ^{123}Pd was improved. This is the first reported measurement with a new storage ring mass spectrometry technique realized at a heavy-ion cyclotron and employing individual injection of the preidentified rare nuclei. The latter is essential for the future mass measurements of the rarest isotopes produced at RIBF. The impact of the new ^{123}Pd result on the solar r-process abundances in a neutron star merger event is investigated by performing reaction network calculations of 20 trajectories with varying electron fraction Y_{e}. It is found that the neutron capture cross section on ^{123}Pd increases by a factor of 2.2 and β-delayed neutron emission probability, P_{1 n}, of ^{123}Rh increases by 14%. The neutron capture cross section on ^{122}Pd decreases by a factor of 2.6 leading to pileup of material at A=122, thus reproducing the trend of the solar r-process abundances. The trend of the two-neutron separation energies (S_{2n}) was investigated for the Pd isotopic chain. The new mass measurement with improved uncertainty excludes large changes of the S_{2n} value at N=77. Such large increase of the S_{2n} values before N=82 was proposed as an alternative to the quenching of the N=82 shell gap to reproduce r-process abundances in the mass region of A=112-124.
Prospective cohort study from Brazil to evaluate glaucoma treatment adherence using a medication event monitoring system (MEMS) device and correlate with glaucoma progression and loss to follow-up ...(LTF) after one year of follow up. We included primary open glaucoma (POAG) patients treated with at least one ocular hypotensive eye drop. MEMS devices was used to monitor adherence for 60 days and evaluate the percentage of doses prescribed taken within the 60-day period. We classified patients according to rates of adherence: low adherence (less than 75% from MEMS measurements) and high adherence (more than 75% from MEMS measurements). We applied a questionnaire to investigated self-reported behavior towards treatment behaviors (glaucoma treatment compliance assessment tool, GTCAT). We also correlated rates of treatment adherence with clinical, demographical variables and the occurrence of glaucoma progression or LTF after one year of observation. We included 110 POAG patients and found that 28.18% of them were considered low adherent. We identify several variables associated with poor adherence such as glaucoma progression, LTF, younger age, low educational and income levels, absence of health insurance, years of disease and peak intraocular pressure. Several constructs from the self-reported GTCAT were also correlated with the rates of treatment adherence. To date, this is the first study in Latin America to evaluate glaucoma treatment adherence with MEMS devices and correlate adherence rates with glaucoma progression and LTF. We found a low-adherence rate of 28.18% and several additional risk factors were statistically associated with poor adherence.
In this work, we investigated a platform for real-time emulsion droplet detection and size measurement in optofluidic platforms. An 8.2 µm core diameter input optical fiber and a multi-mode Gradient ...Refractive Index (GRIN) output fiber were integrated into an acrylic microfluidic channel platform consisting of three layers. Water-in-oil emulsions were investigated, since relevant applications have emerged in the recent past for these types of emulsions, such as drug encapsulation as well as droplet-based Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA, among others. The main contribution of this work is in understanding the main physical phenomena (i.e., total internal reflection, refraction, and interference) behind the complex transmittance pattern obtained for these droplets. For this purpose, a frequency domain electromagnetic wave propagation modelling of the structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM) was used along with experimental measurements.
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