Cell-free systems that mimic essential cell functions, such as gene expression, have dramatically expanded in recent years, both in terms of applications and widespread adoption. Here we provide a ...review of cell-extract methods, with a specific focus on prokaryotic systems. Firstly, we describe the diversity of Escherichia coli genetic strains available and their corresponding utility. We then trace the history of cell-extract methodology over the past 20 years, showing key improvements that lower the entry level for new researchers. Next, we survey the rise of new prokaryotic cell-free systems, with associated methods, and the opportunities provided. Finally, we use this historical perspective to comment on the role of methodology improvements and highlight where further improvements may be possible.
The HCOOH electrooxidation reaction (FAO) is studied on palladium in a 0.5 M HCOOH +0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The steady state current - potential curve is measured in the potential region 0.1 < E (vs. ...RHE) / V < 0.6 by chronoamperometry. Open circuit potential transient is also recorded as well as potentiodynamic sweeps at 0.01 V s−1. The absence of adsorbed CO is confirmed by voltammetric stripping, in agreement with published spectroscopic measurements. On this basis, a kinetic mechanism is proposed, involving adsorbed hydrogen and formate as reaction intermediates, which can also describe the spontaneous HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction at open circuit. The mechanism involves two reaction pathways. One where current is generated entirely by the oxidation of Had, which explains the electrocatalytic activity of palladium at low potentials. The other pathway, which prevails at high potentials, includes the electrooxidation of both, Had and HCOOad, reaction intermediates. The corresponding theoretical expression for the current density - potential dependence on steady state is derived, which accurately correlates the experimental results.
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•Kinetic study of the formic acid electrooxidation on Pd on steady state•Absence of COad and presence of Had on the Pd surface is demonstrated.•The proposed kinetic mechanism appropriately correlates the experimental results.•Kinetic mechanism compatible with the HCOOH spontaneous decomposition
•This computer tomography based observational study describes the pattern of sacroiliac joint opening in pure ligamentous pelvis ring injuries.•The inferior part of the sacroiliac joint opens up to a ...larger extent that the superior part.•Ligamentous rotational instability of the pelvis is more likely to be due to a vector of injury from the pelvic floor rather than antero-posterior compression.
Aim: This paper evaluates computer tomographic morphology of partial ligamentous lesions of the sacroiliac joint. We hypothesised that in antero-posterior compression (APC) injuries the anterior superior portion of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) should open up the most as suggested by the vector forces outlined in the Young and Burgess classification.
Methods: All patients who underwent operative fixation of a ligamentous APC pelvic injury between July 2009 and December 2015 in a single Level-1 trauma centre were included. Patients were case matched (1:1) to controls without pelvic injury. SIJ width was measured by two independent reviewers at the anterior superior and anterior inferior part of the SIJ. Wilcoxon ranged test was applied for analysis.
Results: 70 patients (35 cases, 35 controls) were evaluated. Median inferior and superior SI joint widths were 5.27 (IQR 3.68-7.80) and 4.05 (IQR 3.13-5.31) mm in cases versus 2.24 (IQR 1.83-2.50) and 2.44 (IQR 2.14-2.65) mm in controls, respectively. The difference between the inferior and superior SI width in cases was larger than in controls (p-value < 0.01, median of -0.22 mm in the control group versus 1.51 mm in the cases).
Conclusion: Our data suggests that the inferior part of the SIJ opens up after injury more, relative to its superior portion. The vector of the force involved in rotationally unstable pelvic injuries is unlikely to be antero-posterior if the force causes the SI joint to widen up inferiorly first. This should be considered in SIJ fixation and challenges the APC mechanism in pure ligamentous rotationally unstable pelvic ring injuries.
Biological control of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in maize through competitive displacement by non-aflatoxigenic strains was evaluated in a series of field studies. Four sets of experiments were ...conducted between 2007 and 2009 to assess the competitiveness of non-aflatoxigenic strains when challenged against toxigenic strains using a pin-bar inoculation technique. In three sets of experiments the non-aflatoxigenic strain K49 effectively displaced toxigenic strains at various concentrations or combinations. The fourth study compared the relative competitiveness of three non-aflatoxigenic strains (K49, NRRL 21882 from Afla-Guard®, and AF36) when challenged on maize against two aflatoxin- and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-producing strains (K54 and F3W4). These studies indicate that K49 and NRRL 21882 are superior to AF36 in reducing total aflatoxin contamination. Neither K49 nor NRRL 21882 produce CPA and when challenged with K54 and F3W4, CPA and aflatoxins were reduced by 84–97% and 83–98%, respectively. In contrast, AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4 and 93% with K54 and showed no reduction in CPA with F3W4 and only a 62% reduction in CPA with K54. Because AF36 produces CPA, high levels of CPA accumulate when maize is inoculated with AF36 alone or in combination with F3W4 or K54. These results indicate that K49 may be equally effective as NRRL 21882 in reducing both aflatoxins and CPA in maize.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cardiac morphology and mass have been associated with activity levels for bony fishes and elasmobranchs; however, there is little information on cardiac morphology of deep-sea sharks (living ...primarily below 200 m) and how that morphology compares to cardiac morphology of shallow coastal species. We examined relative heart mass and relative ventricle dry mass in 10 species of sharks from coastal to bathydemersal habitats (23–870 m) to test our hypothesis that relative heart mass decreases with depth. Relative heart mass and relative ventricle dry mass decreased with increasing depth of capture for sharks. The coastal, obligate ram ventilator
Carcharhinus limbatus
had the highest relative heart mass (1.17 g/kg) and relative ventricle dry mass (0.18 g/kg), whereas the deep-sea species
Centrophorus uyato
had the lowest (relative heart mass, 0.34 g/kg; relative ventricle dry mass, 0.057 g/kg). Our findings of decreasing relative heart and ventricle size with increasing depth support the visual interaction hypothesis as an explanation for reduced metabolic capacity in deep-sea sharks.
Se lleva a cabo un estudio de revisión, centrado en la recuperación de documentos relacionados con los efectos de los métodos de esterilización por peróxido de hidrógeno y óxido de etileno, así como ...su aplicación en casos específicos en los materiales y productos fabricados en impresión 3D. Se utilizaron ecuaciones de búsqueda permitiendo encontrar y recuperar principalmente artículos publicados en revistas de cuartiles superiores. Se utilizó el software VOSviewer como ayuda y se realizó un análisis exhaustivo de los resultados más determinantes en el ámbito médico. La investigación prioriza las características mecánicas en la selección del método de esterilización más efectivo, realizando una comparativa entre el óxido de etileno y el peróxido de hidrógeno. Como resultados se destaca la relevancia de la esterilización con peróxido de hidrógeno para materiales sensibles al calor, permitiendo conservar varias características sin alteraciones significativas. Aunque el proceso con óxido de etileno puede requerir más tiempo, los cambios en el material resultan mínimos. Se establece, por tanto, que ambos métodos presentan ventajas específicas, siendo la elección final dependiente del propósito y preferencias del individuo encargado del estudio o proceso.
Development of spatial-integrative pre-clinical models is needed for glioblastoma, which are heterogenous tumors with poor prognosis. Here, we present an optimized protocol to generate ...three-dimensional ex vivo explant slice glioma model from orthotopic tumors, genetically engineered mouse models, and fresh patient-derived specimens. We describe a step-by-step workflow for tissue acquisition, dissection, and sectioning of 300-μm tumor slices maintaining cell viability. The explant slice model allows the integration of confocal time-lapse imaging with spatial analysis for studying migration, invasion, and tumor microenvironment, making it a valuable platform for testing effective treatment modalities.
For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Comba et al. (2022).1
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•Detailed protocol of 3D ex vivo explant slices from mouse- and patient-derived gliomas•Description of tumor tissue sectioning and culture under physiological conditions•Integrated procedure to analyze tumor migration and the role of new therapeutic targets•This explant model allows histopathological, spatial TME, and treatment efficacy studies
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
Development of spatial-integrative pre-clinical models is needed for glioblastoma, which are heterogenous tumors with poor prognosis. Here, we present an optimized protocol to generate three-dimensional ex vivo explant slice glioma model from orthotopic tumors, genetically engineered mouse models, and fresh patient-derived specimens. We describe a step-by-step workflow for tissue acquisition, dissection, and sectioning of 300-μm tumor slices maintaining cell viability. The explant slice model allows the integration of confocal time-lapse imaging with spatial analysis for studying migration, invasion, and tumor microenvironment, making it a valuable platform for testing effective treatment modalities.
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