The double polarization observable E and the helicity dependent cross sections σ_{1/2} and σ_{3/2} were measured for η photoproduction from quasifree protons and neutrons. The circularly polarized ...tagged photon beam of the A2 experiment at the Mainz MAMI accelerator was used in combination with a longitudinally polarized deuterated butanol target. The almost 4π detector setup of the Crystal Ball and TAPS is ideally suited to detect the recoil nucleons and the decay photons from η→2γ and η→3π^{0}. The results show that the narrow structure previously observed in η photoproduction from the neutron is only apparent in σ_{1/2} and hence, most likely related to a spin-1/2 amplitude. Nucleon resonances that contribute to this partial wave in η production are only N 1/2^{-} (S_{11}) and N 1/2^{+} (P_{11}). Furthermore, the extracted Legendre coefficients of the angular distributions for σ_{1/2} are in good agreement with recent reaction model predictions assuming a narrow resonance in the P_{11} wave as the origin of this structure.
Improved sampling techniques are needed to increase the accuracy of pebble-count particle-size distributions used for stream studies in gravel-bed streams. However, pebble counts are prone to ...operator errors introduced through subjective particle selection, serial correlation, and inaccurate particle-size measurements. Errors in particle-size measurements can be minimized by using a gravel template. Operator influence on particle selection can be minimized by using a sampling frame, 60 by 60 cm, in which sampling points are identified by the cross points of thin elastic bands. Serial correlation can be minimized by adjusting the spacing between the cross points and setting it equal to the dominant large particle size ( approximately D sub(95)). In a field test in a cobble-bed stream, the sampling frame developed in this study produced slightly coarser size distributions, particularly in the cobble range, than the traditional heel-to-toe walk that selects particles with a blind touch at the tip of the boot. The sampling frame produced more similar sampling results between two operators than heel-to-toe walks. The difference between the two sampling methods is attributed to an unbiased selection of fine and coarse particles when using the sampling frame.
Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of tofacitinib and abatacept and clarify the impact of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) on responses to these ...treatments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods After adjustments by propensity score matching, 70 out of 161 patients receiving tofacitinib and 70 out of 131 receiving abatacept were extracted. The clinical effectiveness of both drugs over 24 weeks and the impact of the copy numbers of SE on effectiveness outcomes were investigated. Results The percentage of patients in remission in the 28-joint count disease activity score using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) did not significantly differ between patients receiving tofacitinib and abatacept at week 24 (32% vs 37%, p = 0.359). The mean change at week 4 in DAS28-ESR from baseline was significantly greater in patients receiving tofacitinib than in those receiving abatacept (− 1.516 vs − 0.827, p = 0.0003). The percentage of patients in remission at week 4 was 30% with tofacitinib and 15% with abatacept ( p = 0.016). When patients were stratified by the copy numbers of SE alleles, differences in these numbers did not affect DAS28-ESR scores of patients receiving tofacitinib. However, among patients receiving abatacept, DAS28-ESR scores were significantly lower in patients carrying 2 copies of SE alleles than in those carrying 0 copies at each time point throughout the 24-week period. Furthermore, the percentage of patients in remission with DAS28-ESR at week 24 was not affected by the copy numbers of SE alleles in patients receiving tofacitinib ( p = 0.947), whereas it significantly increased as the copy numbers became higher in patients receiving abatacept ( p = 0.00309). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed a correlation between the presence of SE and DAS28-ESR remission in patients receiving abatacept (OR = 25.881, 95% CI = 3.140–213.351, p = 0.0025), but not in those receiving tofacitinib (OR = 1.473, 95% CI = 0.291–7.446, p = 0.639). Conclusions Although the clinical effectiveness of tofacitinib and abatacept was similar at week 24, tofacitinib was superior to abatacept for changes from baseline in DAS28-ESR and the achievement of remission at week 4. SE positivity was associated with the achievement of DAS28-ESR remission by week 24 in patients receiving abatacept, but not in those receiving tofacitinib.
Abstract
Study Design
Participatory design.
Objectives
Activity-based therapies (ABT) have physical and psychosocial benefits for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A Canadian ABT summit was ...held to: (1) identify methods used in stroke rehabilitation that may be appropriate for SCI; (2) understand the current state of ABT activities in Canada; and (3) identify priorities for ABT research and care for the next five years.
Setting
Stakeholder-engaged meeting at a tertiary rehabilitation hospital.
Methods
Thirty-nine stakeholders, including individuals with SCI, frontline clinicians, healthcare administrators, researchers, funders and health policy experts, attended. Two participants were note-takers. Priority identification occurred through input from stakeholder groups, followed by individual voting. Conventional content analysis was used to synthesize the information in the meeting notes.
Results
The strengths of ABT in stroke rehabilitation included clear and clinically feasible definitions, measurements and interventions, and recognized requirements for implementation (e.g. behavior change, partnerships). Knowledge gaps concerning ABT activities in Canada were identified for acute and community settings, non-traumatic populations, and the interventions, equipment and standardized measures (i.e. upper limb, activity levels) used. Five priorities for ABT across the continuum of care were identified: (1) Identify current ABT activities; (2) Create a network to facilitate dialog; (3) Track engagement in ABT activities; (4) Develop and implement best practice recommendations; and (5) Study optimal timing, methods, and dose of ABT. Working groups were formed to address priorities 1–3.
Conclusions
The priorities will guide SCI research and care activities in Canada over the next five years.
Sponsorship
Praxis Spinal Cord Institute.
Effect of woody debris entrapment on flow resistance Dudley, S.J. (Louis Berger and Associates, Inc., Las Vegas, Nevada.); Fischenich, J.C; Abt, S.R
Journal of the American Water Resources Association,
10/1998, Letnik:
34, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recent environmental concerns in floodplain management have stimulated research of the effect vegetation and debris have on flow conveyance, and their function in a productive riparian ecosystem. ...Although the effect of stable, in-channel woody debris formations on flow resistance has been noted by several authors, studies concerning entrapment of detrital debris in vegetation are lacking. Logs, limbs, branches, leaves and other debris transported during flooding often become lodged against bridges, hydraulic structures, trees and vegetation, and other obstacles, particularly in and near the overbank areas. Hydraulic measurements obtained in a channel prior to and following the removal of woody debris indicated that the average Manning's n value was 39 percent greater when woody debris was present. An examination of the drag-velocity relation for vegetation indicated that an increase in the frontal area of debris and/or vegetation results in a nearly proportional increase in Manning's n. The influence of debris on flow resistance decreased as flow depth increased
The γ n → π 0 n differential cross section evaluated for 27 energy bins span the photon-energy range 290– 813 MeV (W = 1.195–1.553 GeV) and the pion c.m. polar production angles, ranging from 18° to ...162°, making use of model-dependent nuclear corrections to extract π0 production data on the neutron from measurements on the deuteron target. Additionally, the total photoabsorption cross section was measured. The tagged photon beam produced by the 883 MeV electron beam of the Mainz Microtron MAMI was used for the π0-meson production. Our accumulation of 3.6 × 106 γ n → π 0 n events allowed a detailed study of the reaction dynamics. Our data are in reasonable agreement with previous A2 measurements and extend them to lower energies. The data are compared with predictions of previous SAID, MAID, and BnGa partial-wave analyses and to the latest SAID fit MA19 that included our data. Selected photon-decay amplitudes N * → γ n at the resonance poles are determined for the first time.
A first measurement of the polarisation transfer from a circularly-polarised photon to the final state neutron (Cx'n) in deuterium photodisintegration has been carried out. This quantity is ...determined over the photon energy range 370 – 700 MeV and for neutron centre-of-mass breakup angles ~ 45 - 120°. The polarisation of the final state neutrons was determined by an ancillary large-acceptance nucleon polarimeter, surrounding a cryogenic liquid deuterium target within the Crystal Ball detector at MAMI. The polarimeter characterised (n, p) charge exchange of the ejected neutrons to determine their polarisation. The new Cx'n data are also compared to a theoretical model based on nucleonic and nucleon resonance degrees of freedom constrained by the current world-database of deuterium photodisintegration measurements. Structures in Cx'n observed in the region of the d*(2380) could not be explained by conventional models of deuteron photodisintegration.
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