Textures and compositional features of minerals in igneous rocks indicate magmatic processes during their crystallization history. Orthopyroxene, one of the most ubiquitous rock-forming minerals, is ...an archive of magmatic conditions such as pressure, temperature, and melt composition. We examined orthopyroxene phenocrysts from the Okama pyroclastics (Okp) of Zao volcano, one of the most active volcanoes in northeastern Japan. Orthopyroxene phenocrysts in the Okp samples exhibited a wide range of compositions, disequilibrium textures, and complex zoning patterns, demonstrating multiple injections of mafic magma and mixing with shallow magma reservoirs. Orthopyroxene phenocrysts in the Okp coexist in equilibrium and disequilibrium with the melt in composition, and record a complex history with compositional zoning that reflects crystallization in three magmatic environments (MEs): M1 (Mg# 68–76), M2 (Mg# 62–68), and M3 (Mg# 55–62). The connection pathways of these MEs were identified using the zoning patterns of the orthopyroxene phenocrysts. The connection between M1 and M2 actively interacted during the entire period, resulting in the formation of Okp. The modeling of Fe–Mg interdiffusion in orthopyroxene phenocrysts provides residence time from interactions with different magma environments to the eruption. Orthopyroxene phenocrysts record a wide range of timescales, between a day and 100 years. Mixing between M1 and M2 commonly occurred 3–7 years (from compositional gradients of broad high-Mg bands) and a day–3 years (from compositional gradients of narrow high-Mg bands). This variation in residence time was caused by the injection of mafic magmas (M1) into the shallow magma reservoir (M2 and M3) at different times. Combining compositional zoning analysis and diffusion modeling helps develop a comprehensive model of the plumbing system beneath arc volcanoes.
•New petrological and mineralogical data for historical activities at Zao volcano.•Orthopyroxenes are crystallized in three compositionally different magmas.•Orthopyroxenes have residence timescales from 1 day to 100 years.•Orthopyroxenes record differentiation and/or hybridization after mafic recharges.•Compositionally different magmas interact on different timescales.
We developed a gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) source in conjunction with a two rotating electric fields (REFs)-type mass filter. The REFs method is suitable for a mass filter of a massive cluster ion ...beam because masses can be separated from a continuous ion beam with a constant mass resolution in all mass ranges. In principle, the mass range is unlimited. Using this apparatus, we measured the size distribution of an Ar cluster ion beam. The REFs method has a wide mass range of at least 40 ∼ 160,000 Da. The peak cluster size of the Ar cluster ion beam generated in this apparatus is 900. The annular patterns projected onto a fluorescent screen by Ar+ indicate that the maximum estimated mass resolution (M/ΔM) for the REFs mass filter is 86 for the full width at half maximum (FWHM) at a beam diameter of 0.12 mm ø. This mass filter should realize new applications of size-selected massive cluster ion beams as well as the study of cluster physics.
This study examined the relationship between the recognition of movement and actual movement during the standing long jump. A total of 11 healthy elementary school children from 10 to 11 years of age ...participated in this study. Participants conducted standing long jumps (the target movement) after receiving video instruction. They were then tested on their recognition of the target movement according to an image. A total of 12 markers were then attached to each participant to measure the actual movements taken during subsequent performances of the target movement. They were then tested on the recognition of their own movements (a self-evaluation). The results were as follows: maximum shoulder angle was observed prior to each jump; this became successively lower in the image review, actual movement, and self-evaluation procedures. Knee flexion angle successively decreased in the actual, target, self-evaluation, and image movements during the railway crossing procedure. While jumping, the maximum shoulder angle was significantly larger in the target movement than the actual (P < .01) movement, but the actual movement was significantly lower than the image (P < .001) and self-evaluation (P < .001) movements. The angle between the perpendicular from the acromion and the line segment connecting the acromion to the lateral malleolus successively decreased in the target, image, self-evaluation, and actual movements. Thus, there were obvious points at which it was either easier or more difficult for subjects to recognize movements. Points of relative ease and difficulty were also identified during performance of the target movement.
Using temperature gradients measured in 10 holes at 6 sites, we generate the first high fidelity heat flow measurements from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program drill holes across the northern and ...central Lesser Antilles arc and back arc Grenada basin. The implied heat flow, after correcting for bathymetry and sedimentation effects, ranges from about 0.1 W/m2 on the crest of the arc, midway between the volcanic islands of Montserrat and Guadeloupe, to <0.07 W/m2 at distances >15 km from the crest in the back arc direction. Combined with previous measurements, we find that the magnitude and spatial pattern of heat flow are similar to those at continental arcs. The heat flow in the Grenada basin to the west of the active arc is 0.06 W/m2, a factor of 2 lower than that found in the previous and most recent study. There is no thermal evidence for significant shallow fluid advection at any of these sites. Present‐day volcanism is confined to the region with the highest heat flow.
Key Points
Heat flow in the Lesser Antilles is similar to other volcanic arcs
No evidence for subsurface fluid flow
Volcanism is confined to the region with high heat flow
Summary
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a significant complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the pathogenesis and risks for the development ...of BOS have remained unclear. Therefore, a case–control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for the development of BOS, which included the largest number of BOS cases; 196 patients with BOS were identified and compared with 1960 control recipients. The following were identified as significantly higher risk factors for the development of BOS: female recipients (OR 1.47, P = 0.019), ABO‐mismatch HSCT (minor mismatch, OR 1.67, P = 0.015; major mismatch, OR 1.73, P = 0.012; bidirectional mismatch, OR 1.96, P = 0.018), busulfan+cyclophosphamide‐based myeloablative conditioning (OR 1.74, P = 0.016), and acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) involving the skin (OR 1.55, P = 0.011). On the other hand, the risk for the development of BOS was significantly lower in patients receiving cord blood transplantation (OR 0.26, P = 0.0011). With respect to other target organs of chronic GVHD, ocular involvement was significantly associated with BOS (OR 2.53, P < 0.001). Prospective studies are required to elucidate the risk factors for the development of BOS, and future investigations should focus on finding a prophylactic approach against BOS based on these findings.
Marine sediments around volcanic islands contain an archive of volcaniclastic deposits, which can be used to reconstruct the volcanic history of an area. Such records hold many advantages over often ...incomplete terrestrial data sets. This includes the potential for precise and continuous dating of intervening sediment packages, which allow a correlatable and temporally constrained stratigraphic framework to be constructed across multiple marine sediment cores. Here we discuss a marine record of eruptive and mass‐wasting events spanning ∼250 ka offshore of Montserrat, using new data from IODP Expedition 340, as well as previously collected cores. By using a combination of high‐resolution oxygen isotope stratigraphy, AMS radiocarbon dating, biostratigraphy of foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils, and clast componentry, we identify five major events at Soufriere Hills volcano since 250 ka. Lateral correlations of these events across sediment cores collected offshore of the south and south west of Montserrat have improved our understanding of the timing, extent and associations between events in this area. Correlations reveal that powerful and potentially erosive density‐currents traveled at least 33 km offshore and demonstrate that marine deposits, produced by eruption‐fed and mass‐wasting events on volcanic islands, are heterogeneous in their spatial distribution. Thus, multiple drilling/coring sites are needed to reconstruct the full chronostratigraphy of volcanic islands. This multidisciplinary study will be vital to interpreting the chaotic records of submarine landslides at other sites drilled during Expedition 340 and provides a framework that can be applied to the stratigraphic analysis of sediments surrounding other volcanic islands.
Key Points
Biostratigraphy, isotope geochemistry, and clast componentry of IODP Site U1396
Deposits are correlated across sites to the south and south west of Montserrat
Results highlight the spatial heterogeneity of deposits around volcanic islands
Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a major life-threatening problem encountered by patients with hematological malignancies receiving intensive chemotherapy. Empirical antifungal agents are therefore ...important. Despite the availability of antifungal agents for such situations, the optimal agents and administration methods remain unclear. We conducted a prospective phase 2 study of empirical 1 mg/kg/day liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in 80 patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. All enrolled patients were high-risk and had recurrent prolonged febrile neutropenia despite having received broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy for at least 72 hours. Fifty-three patients (66.3 %) achieved the primary endpoint of successful treatment, thus exceeding the predefined threshold success rate. No patients developed IFI. The treatment completion rate was 73.8 %, and only two cases ceased treatment because of adverse events. The most frequent events were reversible electrolyte abnormalities. We consider low-dose L-AMB to provide comparable efficacy and improved safety and cost-effectiveness when compared with other empirical antifungal therapies. Additional large-scale randomized studies are needed to determine the clinical usefulness of L-AMB relative to other empirical antifungal therapies.
A 65-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with left-sided chest and back pain and dyspnea. Computed tomography demonstrated a marked circumferential left pleural thickening. A thoracoscopic ...pleural biopsy led to a diagnosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (HGBL, NOS). Lymphoma cells were positive for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6. This is the first case report of TNF- and IL-6-producing aggressive HGBL, NOS in the pleura, in which radiological findings mimicked pleural mesothelioma. The aggressive tumor progression in the present case may have been caused by abnormal cytokine production from lymphoma cells.
We developed a mass spectrometer with a novel mass-separation mechanism using two rotating electric fields (REFs). This mass spectrometer realizes a wide mass range with the continuous separation of ...ion beams. In principle, it has no limitation on the mass range. It can be operated stably for the detection of high-mass ions. To estimate the mass-separation ability, we directly introduced the mass spectrometer, which consists of two REFs, to a Ga focused ion beam column. The mass spectra of Ga isotopes were obtained by sweeping the frequencies of the REFs. The peaks of the Ga isotopes were clearly separated on the mass spectra. DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2016.161
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