In this trial in nondiabetic patients with insulin resistance and a recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, pioglitazone was associated with a lower risk of stroke and MI than was ...placebo but with a higher risk of weight gain, edema, and bone fracture.
Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) affect more than 14 million persons worldwide annually.
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Affected patients are at increased risk for future cardiovascular events,
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,
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and prevention of these adverse outcomes is a major goal in their care.
Treatment of insulin resistance represents a potential new preventive strategy that could be added to standard care after ischemic stroke or TIA.
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Insulin resistance is nearly universal in patients with type 2 diabetes but is also present in more than 50% of patients without diabetes who have had an ischemic stroke or a TIA.
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The presence of insulin resistance increases . . .
Illuminating gravitational waves Kasliwal, M. M.; Nakar, E.; Singer, L. P. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
12/2017, Letnik:
358, Številka:
6370
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Merging neutron stars offer an excellent laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic ...counterpart (EM170817) with gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic data set, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultrarelativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet explains the low-luminosity gamma rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared, and the delayed radio and x-ray emission. We posit that all neutron star mergers may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout, sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes by a choked jet.
Institutional Legitimacy Adams, N. P.
The journal of political philosophy,
March 2018, 2018-03-00, 20180301, Letnik:
26, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Our current understanding of the idea of legitimacy is deeply connected to the peculiarly modern political institution of the nation-state. But questions of legitimacy have moved beyond the state. It ...is now common to examine the legitimacy of institutions such as the European Union, international courts, international human rights institutions, or those focused on specific issues, like the World Trade Organization or particular transnational non-governmental organizations. As our traditional state-centric understanding of legitimacy is applied to these new modes of governance and new varieties of institutions, however, it is becoming increasingly strained. The concepts and standards developed in response to the problems of a much less globalized, much more Westphalian world may be inadequate for the contemporary context. Theorists have responded to this tension in two general ways. One strategy is to take a traditional state-centric understanding of political legitimacy and modify it as little as possible when applying it to the wide variety of international institutions. The other strategy is to posit a novel notion of political legitimacy that is distinct from state legitimacy and applies to some set of international institutions. The point of this article is to suggest that a third, more revisionary strategy should be pursued: begin at a higher level of generality with the question of institutional legitimacy. I argue for an underlying notion of legitimacy that applies to all institutions, political or otherwise. Understanding this underlying notion will illuminate the more particular case of political institutions in all their variety. My aims here are primarily exploratory; I intend to open up new avenues for theorizing without claiming to have fully stepped down those paths. My hope is that a new approach to the question of legitimacy will not only be useful for the burgeoning concern with international institutions but will also force us to revise our understanding of what it means for states to be legitimate. Whether that hope will be realized is a question for further down the line. In section I, I argue for a practical approach to legitimacy, showing that it captures a type of moral standing that allows people to coordinate their practical responses to institutions and institutional demands. I conclude that legitimacy must capture an institution’s right to function without coercive interference. This leads me to analyze legitimacy by analogy to individuals’ rights to non-interference in section II, focusing on the idea of rights forfeiture. In section III, I consider the implications of my general approach for questions of political legitimacy. Finally, in section IV, I apply this approach to the particular case of the state and show how a minimalist understanding of state legitimacy is both plausible and opens up new possibilities for understanding our relation to the state.
The Concept of Legitimacy Adams, N. P.
Canadian journal of philosophy,
05/2022, Letnik:
52, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Abstract
I argue that legitimacy discourses serve a gatekeeping function. They give practitioners telic standards for riding herd on social practices, ensuring that minimally acceptable versions of ...the practice are implemented. Such a function is a necessary part of implementing formalized social practices, especially including law. This gatekeeping account shows that political philosophers have misunderstood legitimacy. It is not secondary to justice and only necessary because we cannot agree about justice; instead, it is a necessary feature of actual human social practices, which must be implemented via practitioners’ discretion in changing contexts.
We present multi-wavelength follow-up campaigns by the AstroSat CZTI and GROWTH collaborations in search of an electromagnetic counterpart to the gravitational wave event GW 170104. At the time of ...the GW 170104 trigger, the AstroSat CZTI field of view covered 50.3% of the sky localization. We do not detect any hard X-ray (>100 keV) signal at this time, and place an upper limit of , for a 1 s timescale. Separately, the ATLAS survey reported a rapidly fading optical source dubbed ATLAS17aeu in the error circle of GW 170104. Our panchromatic investigation of ATLAS17aeu shows that it is the afterglow of an unrelated long, soft GRB 170105A, with only a fortuitous spatial coincidence with GW 170104. We then discuss the properties of this transient in the context of standard long GRB afterglow models.
By appeal to the phenomenon of presupposition accommodation, Rae Langton and others have proposed that speakers can gain genuine authority over their audiences when they implicitly claim such ...authority and the audience accommodates them. I address this argument in two ways. First, I explain where and why we should expect authority within particular conventional practices to be able to be gained by accommodation, considering the balance of values and norms that authority claims implicate. Second, I argue that audiences will often have good reason to accommodate the speaker without recognising a claim of authority over them. To explain how audiences can accomplish this, I propose the mechanism of social accommodation. In social accommodation, audiences exercise control over the context in order to bring speakers and their utterances into conformity with background social norms, including moral, legal, and religious norms. In this way, audiences can impose their understanding of the prevailing valid norms onto speakers.
Legitimacy and institutional purpose Adams, N. P.
Critical review of international social and political philosophy,
04/2020, Letnik:
23, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Institutions undertake a huge variety of constitutive purposes. One of the roles of legitimacy is to protect and promote an institution's pursuit of its purpose; state legitimacy is generally ...understood as the right to rule, for example. When considering legitimacy beyond the state, we have to take account of how differences in purposes change legitimacy. I focus in particular on how differences in purpose matter for the stringency of the standards that an institution must meet in order to be legitimate. An important characteristic of an institution's purpose is its deontic status, i.e. whether it is morally impermissible, merely permissible, or mandatory. Although this matters, it does so in some non-obvious ways; the mere fact of a morally impermissible purpose is not necessarily delegitimating, for example. I also consider the problem of conflicting, multiple, and contested institutional purposes, and the different theoretical roles for institutional purpose. Understanding how differences in purpose matter for an institution's legitimacy is one part of the broader project of theorizing institutional legitimacy in the many contexts beyond the traditional context of the state.
Notch and Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1)/Tie2 pathways are crucial for vascular maturation and stability. Here we identify the transcription factor ERG as a key regulator of endothelial Notch signalling. We ...show that ERG controls the balance between Notch ligands by driving Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) while repressing Jagged1 (Jag1) expression. In vivo, this regulation occurs selectively in the maturing plexus of the mouse developing retina, where Ang1/Tie2 signalling is active. We find that ERG mediates Ang1-dependent regulation of Notch ligands and is required for the stabilizing effects of Ang1 in vivo. We show that Ang1 induces ERG phosphorylation in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent manner, resulting in ERG enrichment at Dll4 promoter and multiple enhancers. Finally, we demonstrate that ERG directly interacts with Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and β-catenin and is required for Ang1-dependent β-catenin recruitment at the Dll4 locus. We propose that ERG coordinates Ang1, β-catenin and Notch signalling to promote vascular stability.
Abstract
We present deep 1.4 GHz source counts from ∼5 deg2 of the continuum Early Science data release of the MeerKAT International Gigahertz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration survey down to S1.4GHz ...∼15 $\mu$Jy. Using observations over two extragalactic fields (COSMOS and XMM-LSS), we provide a comprehensive investigation into correcting the incompleteness of the raw source counts within the survey to understand the true underlying source count population. We use a variety of simulations that account for: errors in source detection and characterization, clustering, and variations in the assumed source model used to simulate sources within the field and characterize source count incompleteness. We present these deep source count distributions and use them to investigate the contribution of extragalactic sources to the sky background temperature at 1.4 GHz using a relatively large sky area. We then use the wealth of ancillary data covering a subset of the COSMOS field to investigate the specific contributions from both active galactic nuclei (AGN) and star-forming galaxies (SFGs) to the source counts and sky background temperature. We find, similar to previous deep studies, that we are unable to reconcile the sky temperature observed by the ARCADE 2 experiment. We show that AGN provide the majority contribution to the sky temperature contribution from radio sources, but the relative contribution of SFGs rises sharply below 1 mJy, reaching an approximate 15–25 per cent contribution to the total sky background temperature (Tb ∼100 mK) at ∼15 $\mu$Jy.
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