The increasing use of plastic over the last few decades has had an impact of plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Plastic pollutions may be in the form of microplastics either from primary or ...secondary sources. These microplastics will indirectly affect human health through the food chain. This research was aimed at evaluating the interaction between microplastic and microalgae that are a source of food supplements. The experiment was conducted by investigating the impact of microplastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on microalga
Spirulina
sp. cultivated in fresh water and saline water (7 ppt salinity) for 14 days. The growth rate and morphology of
Spirulina
sp. and PET were evaluated. The result showed that the presence of PET and salinity decreased
Spirulina
sp. growth rate in cultivation by 0.174 day
−1
and reduced nutrient removal rates. However, the salinity system on medium-added PET was indicated that there are influences of
Spirulina
sp. against PET, where PET can be degraded by
Spirulina
sp. in the state of water with a salinity 7 ppt. FTIR graphic seems if there is any peak declination within PET augmentation in media with 0 ppt salinization. Nonetheless, the peak augmentation happened within PET augmentation in media with 7 ppt salinity. This signifies if there is an augmentation of PET salinization can be degraded by
Spirulina
sp. as the polysaccharide sources. PET is resistant to degradation due to its aromatic group. Based on the results scanning electron microscope (SEM),
Spirulina
sp. which growth with PET had a more uneven shape compared with a control variable.
Sargassum is a well-known genus of brown algae in Indonesia that has long been investigated due to its economic importance. To support its biological research, it is important to identify and ...classify the species studied. Morphological identification had greatly contributed to taxonomy, however, it cannot distinguish Sargassum species accurately due to its plasticity. The current study aims to identify Lombok Sargassum molecularly using an ITS2 DNA barcode. Fresh algae were collected from Ekas Bay (EB) and Aan Cape (AC) in Lombok. DNA was first purified, and then its gene product was amplified using ITS2 primers. DNA sequences were examined and traced using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). DNA sequences were processed in MEGA-X to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree and estimate the genetic distance. Three species were identified based on the BLAST results: Sargassum cf granuliferum, Sargassum polycystum, and Sargassum oligocystum. The base length obtained ranged from 521 to 637 bp, with a similarity percentage of 99.25 to 100%. The phylogenetic tree exhibited each recognized Sargassum species was clustered with the same species from the gene bank. Interspecies genetic distance was 0,000-0,0039, while amongst Sargassum species it's 0,0136-0,2395. The genetic distance between Sargassum and Ulva adherens (outgroup) was >1. Sargassum species found in Lombok were closely related to other similar species in the GenBank.
Pencemaran nitrogen secara global begitu meningkat akibat pembuangan air limbah organik bersumber dari aktivitas manusia yang mencemari lingkungan perairan. Peningkatan senyawa nitrogen secara terus ...menerus dan dalam waktu yang lama menjadi penyebab terjadinya eutrofikasi dan kematian organisme. Proses reduksi nitrogen pada air limbah dapat dilakukan secara ekonomis dan efisien menggunakan bakteri nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi. Teknologi ramah lingkungan yang juga dapat digunakan adalah bioremediasi menggunakan mikroalga seperti Chlorella sp. Adanya hubungan sinergis dari bakteri dan mikroalga berpotensi meningkatkan kinerja reduksi senyawa nitrogen pada air limbah organik. Penelitian yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli hingga Agustus 2020 ini, bersifat eksperimental laboratoris menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok, bertujuan untuk mengetahui laju nitrifikasi dan perubahan kadar nitrat, laju pertumbuhan Chlorella sp., serta pengaruh perbedaan perlakuan dan waktu terhadap perubahan kadar nitrat pada air limbah organik dan hubungan Chlorella sp. dengan bakteri nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi. Air limbah yang diambil berasal dari danau Rawa Pening. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, laju nitrifikasi secara berturut-turut dari yang tertinggi hingga terendah yaitu perlakuan C 0,2 mg NH4-N/liter/jam, diikuti perlakuan B, D dan A masing-masing 0,169, 0,009 dan 0,008 mg NH4-N/liter/jam. Pola pertumbuhan Chlorella sp. mengalami peningkatan hingga hari puncak (hari ke 6) dan menurun hingga hari terakhir. Persentase perubahan kadar nitrat dari awal hingga akhir pengamatan dari yang tertinggi secara berurutan yaitu perlakuan C (1874%), B (1664%), D (200%) dan A (175%). Hasil analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan antara perlakuan terhadap perubahan kadar nitrat (p value <0,05). Hasil Uji DMRT menunjukkan rata-rata perubahan tertinggi adalah perlakuan C, B, D dan A.
As per the FAO data, octopus identification is very limited in the species level at world fishery and also they are cryptic nature. On the other hand, Indonesia is one of the top ten highest octopus ...exporters. This study therefore aimed to determine the species of octopus based on phylogenetic analysis of mt-DNA COI. Octopuses were collected from nine different locations throughout Indonesia, i.e., Anambas, Bangka-Belitung, Cirebon, Karimunjawa, Tuban, Lombok, Buton, Wakatobi and Jayapura. Samples were mostly in the form of tentacles that were directly collected from fishermen. After being preserved in 96% ethanol, the sample was extracted in 10% chelexÒ, PCR amplification using Folmer’s primer then was further analysed by sequencing in Sanger methods. Of the 24 samples sequenced, the results recognized four species Octopodidae belongs to the three genera, named Amphioctopus aegina, Hapalochlaena fasciata, Octopus laqueus and Octopus cyanea. Mean pair-wise distances of within-species were ranged from 0 to 5.5 % and between-species was ranged from 12.9 to 15.8 %. This study distinctly confirmed the difference between genus Amphioctopus and Hapalochlaena (15.5 %), as also between O. laqueus and O. cyanea (12.9%) which was previously not completely distinguished. Although performing species identification using DNA sequences for shallow-water benthic octopus species is perhaps considered premature, this study indicated the possible application of COI sequences for species identification, thereby providing a preliminary dataset for future DNA barcoding of octopus, in particular for Indonesia waters.
Many studies declared traditional oil mining in Wonocolo caused pollution, including river pollution. During Covid-19 Pandemic, traditional oil mining in Wonocolo has been interrupted because world ...oil prices decreased. This made selling price of crude oil in Wonocolo declined. This made traditional oil mining decreased because oil wells were temporarily closed. The decrease in traditional oil mining might affect river water quality in Wonocolo. In a prior study, the researcher had investigated water quality of Bungsu and Kragsaan River in Wonocolo, based on physicochemical parameters. The river had improved quality during Covid-19 Pandemic, seen from the decrease in the content of several chemical pollutants. Through this study, the researcher examined macrozoobentos community structure as a bio indicator of water quality, like assessing water quality of Bungsu and Kragsaan River based on biological indicators. This study used observation method by determining sample points purposively. Sample of macrozoobentos was analyzed using biodiversity index of Shannon-Wiener, species evennes index, and dominance index. Results of study showed Bungsu River had low biodiversity (H’ index 0.000 – 1.040), distressed community at B-1 and B-3 but stable at B-2, like high dominance at B-1 and B-3 but low at B-2. Kragsaan River also had low biodiversity (H’ index 0.000 – 1.010), unstable community at K-1 and K-3 like distressed at K-2, and low dominance at K-2 and K-3 but medium at K-1. Based on H’ index, Bungsu River was in the heavily polluted category at B-1 and B-3 and the medium polluted category at B-2. Meanwhile, Kragsaan River was in the heavily polluted category at K-1 and K-2 and the medium polluted category at K-3. This means although decreased levels of chemical pollutants at the sampling locations meant an increase in quality of water body, river ecosystem had not been able to rejuvenate condition during Covid-19 Pandemic.
O. laqueus was first discovered not long ago in 2005 in the Ryuku Islands, Japan. Its geographical distribution and molecular identification are therefore still rarely. Nucleotide sequences based on ...mt-DNA COI for O. laqueus that have been uploaded in the GenBank until before this study was carried out were only six sequences. Since DNA barcoding of mt-DNA COI has some advantageous characteristics, this study aimed to analyse the genetic difference of Indonesian O. laqueus to the data available in the GenBank. Samples were collected in 2019 - 2020 from Karimunjawa (n=16) and Bangka-Belitung (n=2). The mt-DNA COI was extracted using 10% chelex methods, PCR amplified using Folmer’s primer and sequenced in Sanger methods. Pairwise alignment and genetic distance were carried out in MEGA-X, whereas the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using Bayesian methods. BLAST identification resulted in 685 bp with a range of 92,07-99,24 percentages of identity. The genetic mean pair-wise distances within-clade were 0,002 and 0,006, whilst the distance between the clade was 0.0883. Combining the suggestion with the ITF current, it is concluded that O. laqueus taken from Karimunjawa raised from the same species as those in Malaysia (MN711655) and Japan (AB302176). Specimens from Bangka-Belitung were suggested came from different species, as they were separated into the second clade by 8.83%. One single sample from Japan (AB430543) which laid outside the two clades by 11.63%-11.38% was also suggested to represent a different species. Overall, this study opens to various further studies on O. laqueus using other loci of genetic markers.
Styrofoam is a thermoplastic with special characteristics; it is an efficient insulator, is extremely lightweight, absorbs trauma, is bacteria resistant, and is an ideal packaging material, compared ...to other thermoplastics. The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between Styrofoam and
. The study examined the growth of
under Styrofoam stress, changes in Styrofoam functional groups, and their interactions. The research method was culture carried out in brackish water (12 mg/L salinity) for 30 days.
yields were tested by FTIR and SEM-EDX and Styrofoam samples by FTIR. The results showed the highest growth rate of
in cultures treated with 150 mg Styrofoam that is 0.0401 day
. FTIR analysis shows that there has been a change in the functional group on Styrofoam. At a wavelength of 3400-3200 cm
corresponds to the alcohol group and there was an open cyclic chain shown by the appearance of a wavelength at 1680-1600 cm
assignment to alkene. SEM-EDX test results show that Styrofoam can be a resource of nutrition, especially carbon for
to photosynthesize. Increased carbon content of 24.56% occurred in culture, meanwhile, Styrofoam is able to damage
cells.
The objective of the study was to determine the growth pattern of clam
Potamocorbula faba
inhabited the estuarine of Permisan Bay, Indonesia by using the Linear Allometric Model (LAM). Its also ...evaluated by using the length-weight relationships (LWR) and Fulton’s condition factor (K–value). A total of 7 996 specimens with length intervals of 3.5 mm to 17 mm and weight intervals of 0.013 g to 0.636 g were collected from nine sites in Permisan Bay. Based on the length-weight relationships (LWR), equations in ST–1 (0.000886870 L2.17379); ST–2 (0.000884219 L
2.15471
); ST–3 (0.000832626 L
2.18971
); ST–4 (0.000746758 L
2.21150
); ST–5 (0.000687148 L
2.28593
); ST–6 (0.000765876 L
2.23830
); ST–7 (0.000657461 L
2.31064
); ST–8 (0.000379673 L
2.52229
); and ST–9 (0.000799816 L
2.22922
) were obtained. Regarding the b–value, almost all sites showed b < 3, and thus the growth pattern could be categorized as negative allometric. Condition factor (K-value) in all nine sites ranged between 1.1101 to 1.1552. The highest K-value was from ST–7 while ST–2 showed the lowest. During the study period (September 2014 to April 2015), Fulton’s condition factor (K–value) of all nine sites was not significantly different (P > 0.05).
•Groundwater discharges 106,000mold−1 of DIN and 5000mold−1 of DIP to the river.•Land use and environmental infrastructure correlates with nutrient dynamics.•Medium populated cities can contribute to ...nutrient flux comparable with megacities.
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Groundwater discharge is known to transport nutrients into estuaries at several locations around the world. However, few studies report groundwater-associated nutrient fluxes from tropical developing regions such as Southeast Asia, even though this area shows the strongest human modifications in the coastal zone worldwide. We investigated groundwater nutrient flux into two streams and estuaries (Awur and Sekumbu Bay) in the urban area of Jepara, Indonesia, and its relation with the land usage surrounding the estuaries.
We found that average concentrations of NO3, NH4, and PO4 in Jepara's aquifer reached 145μM, 68μM, and 14μM, respectively, and our results indicate that these were mainly originated from untreated sewage, agriculture, and manure input. Approximately 2200tonNyear−1 and 380tonPyear−1 were removed in the soil and aquifer before the nutrients were discharged into the river. The total groundwater discharge into the river and estuary was estimated to 461×103m3d−1, or up to 42% of the river discharge. Discharge of groundwater-associated NO3 (72×103mold−1), NH4 (34×103mold−1), PO4 (5×103mold−1), and additional surface runoff may contribute to eutrophication and a decrease of nearshore surface water quality. Nutrient concentrations in groundwater, river, and coastal seawater in the Jepara region are similar to those found in major urban areas in Southeast Asia, e.g. Manila and Bangkok, even though Jepara has smaller size and population. Thus, our results indicate that medium populated cities with highly modified regional land use can contribute a significant amount of nutrient discharge in the coastal area and should be included in global assessments of nutrient budget calculation.
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