Abstract
The HKROC ASIC was originally designed to readout the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for the Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) experiment. HKROC is a very innovative ASIC capable of readout a large number ...of channels satisfying stringent requirements in terms of noise, speed and dynamic range. Each HKROC channel features a low-noise preamplifier and shapers, a 10-bit successive approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR-ADC) (designed by AGH Krakow) for the charge measurement (up to 2500 pC) and a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) (designed by CEA IRFU group) for the Time-of-Arrival (ToA) measurement with 25 ps binning. HKROC is auto-triggered and includes all necessary ancillary services as bandgap circuit, PLL (Phase-locked loop) and threshold DACs (Digital to Analog Converters). This paper will describe the ASIC architecture and the experimental results of the first HKROC prototype received in January 2022.
New structural data and P.T estimates of syn-deformational assemblages within the Beni Bousera peridotites and their crustal envelope are used to explain their Alpine exhumation. The Beni Bousera ...peridotites occur as thin sheets within high grade crustal units of the lower Sebtides (inner Rif, Morocco) and are composed of weakly deformed spinel lherzolite in the core of the massif and garnet-spinel mylonite at the rim. The main foliation trajectories in both the peridotites and overlying crustal units show systematic rotation towards their mutual contact, indicating a kilometer-scale top to the NW shearing with a dextral component along this crust/mantle contact. Widespread top to the NW shear criteria within the crustal units overlying the peridotite support this feature. Available ages constrain the development of the main foliation in both the peridotites and crustal rocks between 25 and 20 Ma. New P.T data from the peridotites show that deformation occurs during decompression from asymptotically = 22 kbar, 1050°C to asymptotically = 9-15 kbar, 800°C. As a consequence, exhumation of the Beni Bousera peridotites takes place during the Oligo-Miocene lithosphere thinning in the footwall of a lithospheric extensional shear zone. The exceptional preservation of garnet within the mylonitic peridotites results from rapid cooling of the border of the massif due to the juxtaposition with colder crustal rocks along this shear zone. Uplifting of the hot mantle rocks simultaneously induces high temperature metamorphism in the overlying crustal units. These new findings allow us to reconstruct the deformation history of the Beni Bousera region and the Alboran domain in the framework of the western Mediterranean geodynamics during the last 40 Myrs. . PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
A lithosphere-scale extensional shear zone juxtaposes an underlying sub-continental peridotite body and overlying migmatitic paragneisses of the Filali unit in the Beni Bousera massif (Internal Rif, ...Morocco). Three stages are recognized in the metamorphic evolution of the aluminous paragneiss, marked by the chemical zoning of garnet porphyroblasts and the evolution of associated mineral assemblages characterized by the presence of kyanite and rutile (M1), sillimanite, k-feldspar and melt (M2), and cordierite (M3). Phase-equilibrium modeling (pseudosections) and multi-equilibrium thermobarometry point to P-T conditions of 7 kbar 750 °C and 3.5 kbar 685 °C for the M2 and M3 stages, respectively. M1 conditions of 9.3 kbar 660 °C were inferred using modeling after the reintegration of melt lost during M2 into the bulk composition. Published geochronological data suggest a Variscan age (250–340 Ma) for the M1 event, whereas M2 and M3 are Oligo-Miocene and related to the Alpine orogeny. The recorded sub-isothermal decompression is related to significant crustal attenuation in the Oligo-Miocene and is responsible for the juxtaposition of the hot asthenospheric mantle and the crustal units, causing the melting of the paragneiss. The exhumation of the gneisses by crustal extension is associated with the westward retreat of an Alpine subduction (slab rollback).
This study is conducted mainly to evaluate the permeability and the groutability at Souk Tleta dam site. It is an embankment dam with a height of 95 m and a crest length of 200m located in the ...Tizi-Ouzou province in Northern Algeria. The foundation of the dam consists of thick deposits of pervious alluvium of about 21 m and Burdigalian sandstone formations. The main problem of this dam is that the bedding plains of Burdigalian sandstone in the dam site are parallel to the flow direction. To conduct this study, permeability of formations is evaluated by Lugeon test and secondary permeability index. Rock quality is evaluated by geological assessment and RQD values. Results indicate that the overall permeability of the foundation rock mass before trial grouting in more than 54% of the Lugeon tests is high and requires treatment. To investigate effect of grouting in reducing permeability of rock mass and to evaluate the grout take in rock masses, two trial grouting programs are carried out on dam foundation and left abutment of dam site up to maximum depths of 70 m and 67 m, respectively.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan motivasi, rasa percaya diri, dan prestasi belajar Sosiologi melalui penerapan metode sosiodrama. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang ...dilakukan dengan empat langkah, yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Penelitian dilaksanakan dua siklus. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah pengamatan, angket, dan tes prestasi belajar Sosiologi. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kegiatan belajar mengajar melalui metode sosiodrama mampu meningkatkan motivasi, rasa percaya diri, dan prestasi belajar Sosiologi. Jumlah siswa yang memiliki nilai motivasi 61 atau lebih sebelum tindakan ada 12 siswa atau 42,80%, setelah tindakan siklus pertama naik menjadi 20 siswa atau 71,42%. Pada siklus kedua nila rata-rata motivasi belajar siswa 70,16 dengan jumlah siswa yang memiliki nilai motivasi 61 atau lebih sebanyak 28 atau 100%. Jumlah siswa yang memiliki nilai rasa percaya diri 61 atau lebih sebelum tindakan ada 11 siswa atau 39,28%, setelah tindakan siklus pertama naik menjadi 21 siswa atau 75,00%. Pada siklus kedua nilai rata-rata rasa percaya diri siswa 70,16 dengan jumlah siswa yang memiliki nilai rasa percaya diri 61 atau lebih sebanyak 28 atau 100%. Jumlah siswa yang memiliki prestasi belajar 76 (KKM) atau lebih sebelum tindakan ada 13 siswa atau 46,42%, setelah tindakan siklus pertama naik menjadi 19 siswa atau 67,80%. Pada siklus kedua nilai rata-rata prestasi belajar siswa 70, dengan jumlah siswa yang memiliki nilai prestasi belajar 76 (KKM) atau lebih sebanyak 28 siswa atau 100%.
Probability of land and forest fire in Indonesia is quite high. Peat land is one of the highest contribute of the fire disaster. Indonesia is the country with the highest peat land in Southeast Asia, ...with more than 50 % of tropical peat species. Combustion of peat produced carbon emission with large quantities and affect to global warming. Characteristic of smoldering combustion of peat cause detection and extinction be difficult. Moreover, there are another impact such as high erosion potential, structural collapse and soil layer damage. Flameless on peat smoldering causes peat restoration institution build fire prevention method. Regulation of water table on peat land with rewetting method aims to maintain and restore the moisture of peat. The experiment aims to understand characteristic of smoldering combustion of rewetting peat. Sample used in the experiments was taken from Bagaiserwar village, Sarmi, Papua (01°55’14, 11”, E: 138°6’17, 35”). A set of thermocouples were used to explore horizontal spread rate at 80 mm intervals. Mass loss rate indicates derivation caused by evaporation on wet peat. Author discovered a fire risk is higher than natural combustion in experiments with rewetting peat. Spread rate of smoldering is high on rewetting peat with initial MC before rewetting is ≤ 10 %. Hydrophobic of peat cause retention of water on peat changes. This phenomenon causes evaporation process being faster and total combustion time occur rapidly, start from preheating until self extinction.
Deciphering Variscan versus Alpine history in the Internal Rif system is a key to constrain the tectonic evolution of the Alboran domain and hence the geodynamics of the western Mediterranean system ...during the Cenozoic. This study focuses on the evolution of the metamorphic envelope of the Beni Bousera massif and its relation to the underlying peridotites. Combining structural geology, metamorphic petrology, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U‐Th‐Pb dating of monazite, this study contributes to the understanding of the tectonic history of the western Internal Rif. The regional foliation (S2) is characterized by low pressure–high temperature (LP‐HT) mineral assemblages and obliterates a former foliation (S1) developed along a Barrovian (medium pressure–medium temperature, MP‐MT) metamorphic gradient. The dating of some metamorphic monazite grains from a micaschist and a migmatitic gneiss demonstrates that the crustal envelope of the peridotite recorded two distinct tectonometamorphic episodes. Data from monazite inclusions in S1 garnet suggest that the first event, D1, is older than 250–170 Ma and likely related to the Variscan collision, in agreement with the Barrovian type of the metamorphic gradient. The second event, D2, is Alpine in age (at circa 21 Ma) and corresponds to a strong lithosphere thinning allowing subsequent subcontinental mantle exhumation. Such a tectonic context provides an explanation for the LP‐HT metamorphic gradient that is recorded in the regional foliation of the western Betic‐Rif system. This extension is probably related to a subduction slab rollback in the western end of the Mediterranean realm during the Oligo‐Miocene times. No evidence for a Tertiary high pressure/low temperature metamorphism has been identified in the studied area.
Key Points
Deciphering Hercynian and Alpine deformation and metamorphism
Precise P‐T constraints for crustal rocks overlying the Beni Bousera peridotites
In situ dating of regional foliation and remnant of a previous deformation stage
Solving peat fires problem continues to be a constant struggle in Indonesia as more hotspots are identified during the dry seasons. A number of research has been carried out to understand the most ...sufficient way to suppress peat fires using a range of different methods. This research was focused on the suppression of peat fire by using foaming-based suppression agent in the laboratory scale experiments. Experiments were carried out to explore the effect of foam suppression system on tropical peat fires. A solution of Class A Foam with a concentration of 3% was used to suppress Kalimantan peat fire with a density of ±0.3g/cm3. Sample used in the experiments was taken from Tumbang Nusa Village, Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province, with a coordinate of S: -3°47′34″, E: 113°55′15″. This experiment will explore how many foam layers of certain heights are needed in order to extinguish peat fire. Peat sample was put in a 10x10x10 cm3 reactor, where a coil heater was turned on at 80 - 100W for 30 minutes to initiate a smouldering front. A set of type K thermocouples and infrared thermographs were used to explore the suppression mechanism that occurs. As the smouldering front moved away from the igniter to the other end of the reactor, foam with different thickness was poured on top of the peat to explore the effect of varying thickness on the suppression of peat fire. From the series of experiments, it was observed that there was a correlation between the thickness of the foam layer and the suppression of peat fires. The thickness of 10cm was found to be the most effective in terms of time at extinguishing peat fire. An average amount of 3.8L of foam per kilogram of Kalimantan peat was needed to extinguish peat fire. It was also found that the average amount of water needed to suppress peat fire using foam method was 3.4L/kg.
The rapid development of science and technology have contributed in the applied building design. One of them is the improvement of the construction design of the building envelope. Current high-rise ...building design impacts in wider building envelop surface area and greater heat load received from the sun irradiation. One of the common used design is the doubleskin façade type building envelope. The insulation characteristic given by the envelope interlayer gap can reduce the heat load received. However, in fire cases, the gap becomes hot gasses path, supporting wider flame propagation. Its position in the outside leads to harder fire suppression effort. During this time, the active fire protection system design has just considering fire scenarios inside the building. This research is conducted to see water droplets impact as extinguisher aspect on interlayer gap hot gasses propagation. The experiment used wooden layer with 540 mm x 80 mm x 6 mm dimention as the envelope layer. The interlayer gap varies among others 30 mm, 50 mm, and 70 mm to see flame output characteristic through and time needed for 4 nozzles to extinguish the flame. The suppression system applied is expected to be a solution in the case of double-skin façade building envelope fire event.
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